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Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual PDF

556 Pages·2017·14.99 MB·English
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Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual Notice From the Author No book is a substitute for common sense and a thorough understanding of the particular installation design. However, not all safety, reliability or maintenance problems can be detected or resolved easily and it is hoped that this book will be a useful tool in their detection and resolution. BP’s New FPSO Glen Lyon (Courtesy BP) Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual Second Edition Geoff Macangus-Gerrard Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-385498-8 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publishing Director: Joe Hayton Senior Acquisition Editor: Katie Hammon Senior Editorial Project Manager: Kattie Washington Production Project Manager: Surya Narayanan Jayachandran Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Contents Preface to Second Edition �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix Acknowledgements ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi PART 1 I NTRODUCTION AND SCOPE CHAPTER 1 The Offshore Electrical Dimension ���������������������������3 CHAPTER 2 The Offshore Electrical Environment ����������������������13 PART 2 O FFSHORE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT CHAPTER 1 Insulation and Temperature Ratings of Equipment ��������������������������������������������������������25 CHAPTER 2 Alternating Current Synchronous Generators ����������35 CHAPTER 3 Emergency Generators ������������������������������������������43 CHAPTER 4 Prime Mover Selection Criteria �����������������������������47 CHAPTER 5 Generation and Distribution Switchgear and Transformers ��������������������������������������������������67 CHAPTER 6 Direct Current Generators ��������������������������������������83 CHAPTER 7 Direct Current Switchgear �������������������������������������89 CHAPTER 8 Electrical Cables ��������������������������������������������������93 CHAPTER 9 Motors ���������������������������������������������������������������101 CHAPTER 10 Motor Control Gear ���������������������������������������������107 CHAPTER 11 Power Electronics (Semiconductor Equipment) ����111 CHAPTER 12 Process Drives and Starting Requirements �����������121 CHAPTER 13 Subsea Supplies and Cathodic Protection ������������133 CHAPTER 14 Offshore Lighting ������������������������������������������������145 CHAPTER 15 Process Control and Monitoring Systems �������������165 CHAPTER 16 Transformers ������������������������������������������������������173 CHAPTER 17 Telecommunications – Internal and External ��������177 v vi Contents PART 3 D ESIGN PROJECT ORGANIZATION CHAPTER 1 Notes on Detailed Design Project Organisation and Documentation ���������������������������������������������183 PART 4 E LECTRICAL FAULTS AND PROTECTION DEVICES CHAPTER 1 Alternator Faults and Protection Devices ��������������207 CHAPTER 2 Transformer Faults and Protection Devices �����������211 CHAPTER 3 Motor Faults and Protection ��������������������������������215 CHAPTER 4 Busbar Protection �����������������������������������������������221 CHAPTER 5 Feeder Protection, Conductor Sizing, Load Flow and Fault Calculation ��������������������������227 CHAPTER 6 Calculation of Load Flow, Prospective Fault Currents and Transient Disturbances �����������237 CHAPTER 7 Protection and Discrimination �����������������������������251 CHAPTER 8 Power Management ��������������������������������������������265 CHAPTER 9 Harmonics ���������������������������������������������������������273 PART 5 I NSTALLATION CHAPTER 1 Installation Practice �������������������������������������������279 CHAPTER 2 Electrical System Earthing ����������������������������������289 CHAPTER 3 Environmental Protection ������������������������������������295 CHAPTER 4 Hazardous Area Installation ��������������������������������303 PART 6 S PECIFIC SYSTEMS AND VESSEL TYPES CHAPTER 1 Notes on Dynamic Positioning and Ballast Control for Floating Installations ��������������327 CHAPTER 2 Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Units ��������������������������������������������������335 CHAPTER 3 Semisubmersibles and Mobile Offshore Drilling Units �����������������������������������������337 CHAPTER 4 Self-Elevating Rigs ���������������������������������������������339 CHAPTER 5 Tension Leg Platforms �����������������������������������������341 CHAPTER 6 Notes on Offshore Renewable Energy Substation Platforms �������������������������������������������343 Contents vii PART 7 COMMISSIONING CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Commissioning ����������������������������347 CHAPTER 2 Generators ���������������������������������������������������������349 CHAPTER 3 Switchgear ���������������������������������������������������������353 CHAPTER 4 Protection and Control ����������������������������������������359 CHAPTER 5 Large Motors ������������������������������������������������������375 CHAPTER 6 Protection, Monitoring and Control ����������������������381 PART 8 R ELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE AND LOGISTICS CHAPTER 1 Reliability ����������������������������������������������������������387 CHAPTER 2 Maintenance and Logistics ���������������������������������407 PART 9 S TATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND SAFETY PRACTICE CHAPTER 1 Introduction to UK DCR Regulations and the Duties of an Electrical ICP ����������������������413 CHAPTER 2 Preparation and Use of Performance Standards ����������������������������������������������������������431 CHAPTER 3 Notes on Safety Integrity Level Assessment for Electrical Engineers ��������������������445 Appendix A Guide to Offshore Installations ���������������������������������������������������455 Appendix B Typical Commissioning Test Sheets �������������������������������������������465 Appendix C Comparison of Hazardous Area Equipment Certification ����������471 Bibliography ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������475 Index ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������521 This page intentionally left blank Preface to Second Edition Many things have changed in the oil and gas industry since the first edition was pub- lished in 1992, four years after the Piper Alpha disaster. Chief among these were the changes in the UK statutory legislation following on from Piper Alpha. Regrettably, I was too busy at the time to carry out the neces- sary revisions to this book, but now have the opportunity as I approach retirement to rectify that omission. The change of name to ‘Manual’ reflects the intention to avoid covering theo- retical material covered well in university courses, but to concentrate on the prac- ticalities and precautions necessary to create an electrical design which has all the attributes expected of it in today’s world, i.e., safe to use and maintain, robust in harsh conditions, reliable, efficient and environmentally sound. I hope readers will appreciate the following significant content changes, which reflect the new offshore regulations, or have become necessary because of the mod- ern information technology. These are as follows: 1. The addition of material related to the UK Offshore Safety Case and PFEER Regulations, 2. The addition of a section on offshore wind farms and their (offshore) substations, 3. The use of weblink references where possible, 4. Because of the constant revisions to standards, dates of standards are no longer quoted unless unavoidable, 5. At the time of writing, the IEE Recommendations for the Electrical and Electronic Equipment of Mobile and Fixed Offshore Installations, which has served us well over the years, is about to be superseded by a UK harmonised version of BS EN 61892, and this is reflected in the new text. I look forward with interest as to what ‘BREXIT’ and the other global political up- heavals create, but I am hopeful that the drive towards global harmonisation of stan- dards will continue. ix

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Offshore Electrical Engineering Manual, Second Edition, is for electrical engineers working on offshore projects who require detailed knowledge of an array of equipment and power distribution systems. The book begins with coverage of different types of insulation, hot-spot temperatures, temperature
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