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OFFENDER CLASSIFICATION AS A REHABILITATION TOOL AARON LABANE MASTER OF ... PDF

360 Pages·2013·2.35 MB·English
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OFFENDER CLASSIFICATION AS A REHABILITATION TOOL by AARON LABANE submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject PENOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Prof. N du Preez JUNE 2012 DECLARATION Student number: 36865990 I, Aaron Labane declare that Offender classification as a rehabilitation tool is my own work, and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. 2012-07-30 ________________ SIGNATURE DATE (Mr A. Labane) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank almighty God who gave me the strength to finish this research. In addition, I wish to extend my greatest gratitude to the following people who made it possible for me to complete this qualification: My supervisor Professor N. du Preez for sharing with me the necessary experience and expertise that brought this dissertation to fruition and for her motivation throughout this research project. Management of Johannesburg Correctional Services, Mr Sam Maphuthuma (Head of Correctional Centre, Medium C) and Mr Moeketsi Moferefere (Head: Offender Admissions) for sharing with me their experience and knowledge on the process offender admission and assessment. Ms G. Buncombe, for assisting with the editing of the final document. Mr Xolani Mwandla (a former correctional official at the JHB Correctional Centre and later Manager: Logistics and Disposal Management at Agricultural Research Council) for his invaluable support and motivation throughout the period of study. To my family, friends and colleagues for all the support, interest and motivation that they gave me throughout this research. Everyone at the UNISA library for their kindness and patience. iii SUMMARY Since the Department of Correctional Services has been transformed into an institution of rehabilitation and the promotion of corrections has become a societal responsibility, there is a new dimension to the classification system whereby offenders are separated according to their potential for treatment and training programmes. Research into offender classification as a tool to rehabilitate offenders in corrections was necessitated by the way in which assessment was used for classification. Corrections uses offender files as the only determinant of classification assessment. Simply investigating offender files and observing classification hearings does not reveal the full aspects of the character of the offender as an individual. Corrections does not use qualitative research to gain an understanding of real issues faced by the offender. The problems with classification are also quantity assessments that are too narrow. Most correctional institutions believe that better data and statistical analysis will in one way or the other improve the situation for offenders and correctional officials. Staffs have limited skills and lack the appropriate training to support the rehabilitation of offenders. This remains an obstacle to the delivery and transformation of the department and implies that there is ineffective treatment of offenders. The increasing dissatisfaction with treatment and rehabilitation services available to offenders in South African prisons can result in an increase in recidivism. All of the above are reasons why this research became important. The investigation contributes largely to scientific knowledge regarding the importance of classification for each individual within corrections. In this research the extent to which classification treatment rehabilitation arrangements are based on the concept of differential treatment is studied. This implies that offenders‟ needs and problems must be specific and treated on an individualised basis. This study focuses on classifying offenders as a means to rehabilitate them effectively. Particular emphasis will be placed on philosophical approaches, theoretical frameworks and the effectiveness of offenders‟ treatment through the utilisation of reliable assessment tools. This research was conducted through an extensive literature study by examining offender classification as a rehabilitation tool from a Penological perspective. iv International and national approaches as well as standards for the treatment of offenders and a range of rehabilitation programmes were also studied. KEY TERMS Rehabilitation; punishment; the correctional system; Correctional Services Act; White Paper on Corrections; classification; treatment needs; special needs offenders; security; risk assessment; needs assessment; sentence planning; offender assessment; levels of custody v Table of Content CHAPTER 1: THE RESEARCH Topic Page 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY....................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT...................................................................... 3 1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCH..................................................................... 7 1.4 MOTIVATION FOR THE RESEARCH................................................. 7 1.4.1 Value for the administration of Correctional Services in South Africa..... 7 1.4.2 Value to society......................................................................................... 8 1.4.3 Scientific value........................................................................................... 8 1.5 KEY CONCEPTS...................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Sentence planning....................................................................................... 9 1.5.2 Rehabilitation.............................................................................................. 9 1.5.3 Assessment process..................................................................................... 9 1.5.4 Needs assessment....................................................................................... 9 1.5.5 Risk assessment......................................................................................... 9 1.5.6 Classification............................................................................................. 10 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................ 10 1.6.1 Research design......................................................................................... 10 1.6.2 Methodological design............................................................................... 11 1.6.2.1 Qualitative research..................................................................................... 11 1.6.2.2 Exploratory research.................................................................................... 12 vi 1.6.2.3 Data collection……………………………………………………………. 12 1.6.2.4 Data analysis.................................................................................................. 13 1.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY............................................................... 14 1.8 DEMARCATION OF STUDY..................................................................... 14 1.8.1 Demarcation of the universe.......................................................................... 15 1.8.2 Demarcation of countries............................................................................... 15 1.8.3 Time demarcation of study............................................................................ 15 1.9 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE STUDY.......................... 15 17 1.10 LAYOUT OF THE DISSERTATION......................................................... 16 1.11 CONCLUSION............................................................................................ 18 1.12 LIST OF REFERENCES............................................................................. 19 vii Table of Content CHAPTER 2: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUNISHMENT AND IMPRISONMENT Topic Page 2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 22 2.2 PUNISHMENT……………………………………………………………. 23 2.2.1 The origin of punishment............................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Justification for punishment.......................................................................... 26 2.3 THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Retribution...................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 Deterrence..................................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Incapacitation................................................................................................. 30 2.3.4 Rehabilitation................................................................................................ 30 2.4 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS.......................................... 31 2.4.1 The origins of prison from the biblical perspective....................................... 31 2.4.2 The origins and development of prison in the mediaeval era........................ 32 2.5 THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS BEFORE 1870 IN THE USA........................................................................ 35 2.5.1 The Walnut Street Jail.................................................................................... 35 2.5.2 The Auburn system....................................................................................... 36 2.5.3 The Pennsylvania system.............................................................................. 37 2.5.3.1 Western Penitentiary...................................................................................... 37 2.5.3.2 Eastern Penitentiary....................................................................................... 37 2.6 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY.... 39 viii 2.6.1 National Prison Association (Cincinnati)....................................................... 40 2.6.2 Elmira............................................................................................................ 41 2.7 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFFENDER CLASSIFICATION. 43 2.7.1 Offender classification in the mediaeval period............................................. 43 2.7.2 Offender classification in the late 1700s........................................................ 45 2.7.3 Offender classification from the 1800s to the 20th century............................ 46 2.7.4 Offenders classification in the 20th century................................................... 48 2.8 CONCLUSION............................................................................................. 53 2.9 LIST OF REFERENCES................................................................................ 54 ix Table of Content CHAPTER 3: THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF REHABILITATION THAT ARE RELATED TO CLASSIFICATION Topic Page 3.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 58 3.2 THE PHILOSOPHY OF REHABILITATION............................................ 59 3.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPRISONMENT AND REHABILITATION...................................................................................... 60 3.3.1 The custodian function................................................................................... 61 3.3.2 The restorative function................................................................................. 61 3.3.3 The controlling function................................................................................ 62 3.3.4 The maintenance function.............................................................................. 62 3.4 MODELS INFLUENCING THE HANDLING OF OFFENDERS IN THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM……………………………………………… 63 3.4.1 Medical model................................................................................................ 63 3.4.2 Adjustment model......................................................................................... 64 3.4.3 Community model......................................................................................... 65 3.4.4 Justice model................................................................................................. 67 3.4.5 Neo-utilitarian punishment model…………………………………………. 67 3.4.6 Confinement model………………………………………………………... 69 3.5 PROGRAMMES AIMED AT THE REHABILITATION OF OFFENDERS………………………………………………………………. 69 3.5.1 Educational programmes……………………………………………………. 73 3.5.2 Recreational programmes…………………………………………………..... 74 x

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examining offender classification as a rehabilitation tool from a Penological in this study included any person or group of individuals who were in Pennsylvanian prison only clergy and a small number of general public were
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