OFDM and MC-CDMA OFDM and MC-CDMA A Primer L. Hanzo UniversityofSouthampton,UK T. Keller AnalogDevicesLtd.,Cambridge,UK IEEE Communications Society, Sponsor John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Copyright(cid:1)c 2006 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone (+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningor otherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofa licenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP, UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher. RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedto thePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,West SussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrand namesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregistered trademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.ThePublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendor mentionedinthisbook.Alltrademarksreferredtointhetextofthispublicationarethepropertyoftheir respectiveowners. Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubject mattercovered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessional services.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetent professionalshouldbesought. OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1 Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats. Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicbooks. IEEECommunicationsSociety,Sponsor COMMS-SLiaisontoIEEEPress,MostafaHashemSherif BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN-13978-0-470-03007-3(HB) ISBN-100-470-03007-0(HB) TypesetbytheauthorsusingLATEXsoftware. PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,England. Thisbook isprinted onacid-free paper responsibly manufactured fromsustainable forestry inwhich at leasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. We dedicate this monograph to the numerous contributors of this field, many of whom are listed in the Author Index Contents AbouttheAuthors xv OtherWileyandIEEEPressBooksonRelatedTopics xvi Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 MotivationoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexingHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 EarlyClassicContributionsandOFDMStandards . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Peak-to-MeanPowerRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.3 Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.4 OFDM/CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.5 Decision-DirectedChannelEstimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.6 UplinkDetectionTechniquesforMulti-UserSDMA-OFDM . . . . . 13 1.2.7 OFDMApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.3 OutlineoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4 ChapterSummaryandConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 I OFDMSystem Design 19 2 IntroductiontoOrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 21 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 PrinciplesofQAM-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3 ModulationbyDFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4 TransmissionviaBandlimitedChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5 BasicOFDMModemImplementations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.6 CyclicOFDMSymbolExtension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.7 Decision-DirectedAdaptiveChannelEqualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.8 OFDMBandwidthEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.9 ChapterSummaryandConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 vii