Odour Impact Assessment Handbook

299 Pages·3.972 MB·English

Odour Impact Assessment Handbook
Odour Impact
Assessment Handbook
Editors
VINCENZO BELGIORNO, VINCENZO NADDEO
and TIZIANO ZARRA
Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED),
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Italy
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Contents
ListofContributors xi
Preface xiii
GlossaryandAbbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
V.Naddeo,V.BelgiornoandT.Zarra
1.1 OriginandDefinition 1
1.2 QuantifyingOdour 2
1.3 EffectsofOdour 3
1.4 OdourImpactAssessmentApproaches 4
References 4
2 OdourCharacterizationandExposureEffects 7
V.Naddeo,V.BelgiornoandT.Zarra
2.1 AttributeDescriptors 7
2.1.1 Concentration 7
2.1.2 PerceptibilityorOlfactiveThreshold 8
2.1.3 Intensity 9
2.1.4 Diffusibility 13
2.1.5 QualityorCharacter 13
2.1.6 HedonicToneorOffensiveness 15
2.2 ChemistryandOdours 16
2.2.1 VapourPressure 16
2.2.2 WaterSolubility 17
2.2.3 ChemicalandBiologicalOxidation 18
2.3 OdorousCompounds,ThresholdsandSources 19
2.4 PublicHealthRelevanceofOdourExposure 22
2.5 OdourAnnoyanceandNuisance 24
2.5.1 OdourExposure 26
2.5.2 PeopleResponse 27
2.5.3 SensitivityofReceptors 27
References 28
vi Contents
3 InstrumentsandMethodsforOdourSamplingandMeasurement 31
Sections3.1–3.4 31
T.Zarra,V.NaddeoandV.Belgiorno
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 SamplingTechniques 32
3.2.1 RegulationsandGuidelines 33
3.2.2 GeneralAspects 34
3.2.3 SamplingProgram 36
3.3 MeasurementofOdorousSubstances 36
3.3.1 GasChromatographyandMass-Spectrometry(GC/MS) 36
3.3.2 ColorimetricTubes 39
3.3.3 PortableMulti-GasDetectors 39
3.3.4 GasAnalysers 40
3.4 DeterminationofOdourConcentrationbyDynamicOlfactometry 40
3.5 DeterminationofOdourConcentrationbytheTriangularOdourBag
Method 43
T.Higuchi
3.5.1 EquipmentandApparatus 43
3.5.2 Panel 44
3.5.3 TimingfortheSensoryTest 44
3.5.4 ProceduresoftheSensoryTest 44
3.5.5 QualityControlFramework 46
3.6 EstimationofEmissionRate 50
T.Zarra,V.NaddeoandV.Belgiorno
3.6.1 PointSources 50
3.6.2 AreaSources 51
3.6.3 VolumeSources 58
3.6.4 OdourEmissionCapacity 58
3.7 MeasurementofOdourExposurebyFieldAssessment 59
T.Zarra,V.NaddeoandV.Belgiorno
3.7.1 FieldInspection 59
3.7.2 CommunitySurveys 60
3.7.3 OdourDiaries 61
3.7.4 PlumeMeasurement 62
3.8 MeasurementofOdourbySensorArrays 63
N.DuttaandM.Bhuyan
3.8.1 OdourSensors 63
3.8.2 ElectronicNoses 67
3.8.3 SignalProcessingandPatternRecognition 69
3.8.4 ArtificialNeuralNetwork 71
3.8.5 TemperatureModulation 73
3.8.6 FeatureSelection 75
3.8.7 EmbeddedE-Noses 75
References 79
Contents vii
4 StrategiesforOdourControl 85
J.M.Estrada,R.Lebrero,G.Quijano,N.J.R.Kraakman,R.Mun˜oz
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 ControlofOdourDispersion 87
4.3 ControlofOdourEffectsonanExposedCommunity 90
4.4 ControlofOdourEmission 92
4.4.1 Physical/ChemicalTechnologies 92
4.4.2 BiologicalTechnologies 101
4.4.3 TechnologyComparisonBasedonCaseStudies 117
References 119
5 DispersionModellingforOdourExposureAssessment 125
M.PiringerandG.Schauberger
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 OdourPerception 126
5.2.1 OdourIntensity 126
5.2.2 TemporalDimension 128
5.3 OverviewonTypesofOdourDispersionModel 132
5.4 AlgorithmstoEstimateShort-TermOdourConcentrations 135
5.5 Annoyance 143
5.6 OdourImpactCriteriaforUseinDispersionModelling 145
5.7 MeteorologicalInputtoOdourDispersionModels 152
5.7.1 WindInformation 152
5.7.2 InformationonAtmosphericStability 154
5.7.3 InformationontheMixingHeight 160
5.8 EvaluationofOdourDispersionModels 165
References 168
6 OdourRegulationandPolicies 175
S.Sironi,L.Capelli,L.DentoniandR.DelRosso
6.1 Introduction 175
6.2 RegulationBasedonAirQualityStandardsandLimitValues 177
6.3 RegulationBasedonDirectExposureAssessment 178
6.4 RegulationBasedon‘NoAnnoyance’ 180
6.5 RegulationBasedonApplicationofBestPractice 181
6.6 ComparisonofDifferentRegulatoryApproaches 183
References 183
7 ProceduresforOdourImpactAssessment 187
V.Naddeo,V.BelgiornoandT.Zarra
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 FactorsContributingtoOdourImpact 187
7.2.1 FrequencyofDetection 188
7.2.2 IntensityandDurationofOdour 188
viii Contents
7.2.3 Offensiveness 188
7.2.4 Location 189
7.2.5 OtherFactors 189
7.3 OdourImpactAssessmentfromExposureMeasurement 190
7.3.1 FieldSniffTesting 191
7.3.2 ComplaintsandOdourDiaries 192
7.3.3 CommunitySurveys 192
7.3.4 ContinuousMonitoringbyE-Noses 192
7.4 OdourImpactAssessmentfromSources 193
7.4.1 OdourSources 193
7.4.2 OdourEmissionRate 194
7.4.3 MeteorologicalConditions 195
7.4.4 ReceptorsandSensitivity 195
7.4.5 DispersionModelling 196
7.4.6 OdourImpactAssessment 196
7.5 MitigationofOdourImpact 197
7.5.1 ResponsestoDrivingForces 198
7.5.2 ResponsestoPressures 199
7.5.3 ResponsestoState 200
7.5.4 ResponsestoImpact 200
7.6 OdourMonitoring 201
7.6.1 MonitoringPlan 202
7.6.2 MonitoringReport 202
References 203
8 CaseStudiesforAssessment,ControlandPrediction
ofOdourImpact 205
8.1 UrbanWastewaterTreatmentPlant 205
J.Lehtinen
8.1.1 MotivationfortheStudy 205
8.1.2 DescriptionoftheSituation 206
8.1.3 SpecificObjectivesoftheStudy 207
8.1.4 MethodologyandDataCollection 208
8.1.5 ResultsandDiscussion 210
8.1.6 Conclusions,RecommendationsandOutcomes 216
References 218
8.2 CompostingPlant 219
S.Giuliani,T.Zarra,M.Reiser,V.Naddeo,M.Kranert,V.Belgiorno
8.2.1 MotivationfortheStudy 219
8.2.2 MaterialandMethods 220
8.2.3 ResultsandDiscussion 225
8.2.4 Conclusions,RecommendationsandOutcome 226
References 228
Contents ix
8.3 LandfillofSolidWaste 230
A.C.RomainandJ.Nicolas
8.3.1 MotivationfortheStudy 230
8.3.2 DescriptionoftheSituation 230
8.3.3 SpecificObjectivesoftheStudy 232
8.3.4 Methodology 233
8.3.5 DataCollection 238
8.3.6 ResultsandDiscussion 239
8.3.7 Conclusions,RecommendationsandOutcomes 247
References 248
8.4 IndustrialActivities 249
I.So´wka
8.4.1 MotivationfortheStudy 249
8.4.2 IdentificationofIndustrialOdourEmissionSources 250
8.4.3 TheUseofSelectedMethodsforAssessingtheOdourQuality
ofAir 254
8.4.4 Conclusions,RecommendationsandOutcomes 257
References 257
8.5 ConcentratedAnimalFeedingOperation(CAFO)Plants 259
K.Y.Wang
8.5.1 MotivationfortheStudy 259
8.5.2 Methodology 260
8.5.3 DispersionModelingMethodology 264
8.5.4 ResultsandDiscussion 264
8.5.5 Conclusions,RecommendationsandOutcomes 266
References 268
8.6 Assessment,ControlandManagementofOdourinSensitiveAreas 269
N.KalogerakisandM.Lazaridis
8.6.1 MotivationfortheStudy 269
8.6.2 DescriptionoftheSituation 269
8.6.3 SpecificObjectivesoftheStudy 271
8.6.4 Methodology 271
8.6.5 DataCollection 271
8.6.6 ResultsandDiscussion 273
8.6.7 Conclusions,RecommendationsandOutcomes 281
References 282
Index 285
List of Contributors
VincenzoBelgiorno,SanitaryEnvironmentalEngineeringDivision(SEED),Department
ofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSalerno,Italy
Manabendra Bhuyan, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
TezpurUniversity,India
LauraCappelli,PolitecnicodiMilano,DepartmentofChemistry,MaterialandChemical
Engineering,Italy
RenatoDelRosso,PolitecnicodiMilano,DepartmentofChemistry,MaterialandChemical
Engineering,Italy
LiciniaDentoni,PolitecnicodiMilano,DepartmentofChemistry,MaterialandChemical
Engineering,Italy
NimishaDutta,DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,TezpurUni-
versity,India
Jose´ M. Estrada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology
ValladolidUniversity,Spain
Stefano Giuliani, Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of
CivilEngineering,UniversityofSalerno,Italy
Takaya Higuchi, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University,
Japan
Nikolaos Kalogerakis, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University
ofCrete,Greece
N.J.R. Kraakman, CH2M Hill, Chatswood NSW Australia and Laboratory of Biotech-
nology,FacultyofAppliedSciences,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Netherlands
Martin Kranert, ISWA (Institut fu¨r Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergu¨te- und Abfall-
wirtschaft)UniversityofStuttgart,Germany
xii ListofContributors
Mihalis Lazaridis, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of
Crete,Greece
Raquel Lebrero, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology
ValladolidUniversity,Spain
Jenni Lehtinen, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences – University of
Jyva¨skyla¨,Finland
RaulMun˜oz, Department ofChemical Engineering andEnvironmental Technology Val-
ladolidUniversity,Spain
VincenzoNaddeo,SanitaryEnvironmentalEngineeringDivision(SEED),Departmentof
CivilEngineering,UniversityofSalerno,Italy
JacquesNicolas,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciencesandManagement,ArlonCampus
Environment,FacultyofSciences,UniversityofLie´ge,Belgium
MartinPiringer,SectionEnvironmentalMeteorology,CentralInstituteforMeteorology
andGeodynamics,Vienna,Austria
G. Quijano, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Val-
ladolidUniversity,Valladolid,Spain
MartinReiser,ISWA(Institutfu¨rSiedlungswasserbau,Wassergu¨te-undAbfallwirtschaft),
UniversityofStuttgart,Germany
Anne-Claude Romain, Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, Arlon
CampusEnvironment,FacultyofSciences,UniversityofLie´ge,Belgium
Gu¨ntherSchauberger,WGEnvironmentalHealth,DepartmentforBiomedicalSciences,
UniversityofVeterinaryMedicineVienna,Austria
Selena Sironi, Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical
Engineering,Italy
IzabelaSo´wka,InstituteofEnvironmentalProtectionEngineering,WroclawUniversityof
Technology,Poland
KaiyingY.Wang,SchoolofBiosystemsEngineering&FoodScience,ZhejiangUniversity,
China
TizianoZarra,SanitaryEnvironmentalEngineeringDivision(SEED),DepartmentofCivil
Engineering,UniversityofSalerno,Italy