Occurrences, structure, biosynthesis, and health benefits based on their evidences of medicinal phytochemicals in vegetables and fruits

220 Pages·2013·6.84 MB·English

by  Motohashi

FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH

O , S ,
CCURRENCES TRUCTURE
B , H
IOSYNTHESIS AND EALTH
B B T
ENEFITS ASED ON HEIR
E M
VIDENCES OF EDICINAL
P
HYTOCHEMICALS IN
V F
EGETABLES AND RUITS

V 4
OLUME

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F B C
OOD AND EVERAGE ONSUMPTION
H
AND EALTH

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FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH

O , S ,
CCURRENCES TRUCTURE
B , H
IOSYNTHESIS AND EALTH
B B T
ENEFITS ASED ON HEIR
E M
VIDENCES OF EDICINAL
P
HYTOCHEMICALS IN
V F
EGETABLES AND RUITS

V 4
OLUME

NOBORU MOTOHASHI
EDITOR

New York
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Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 The Health Benefits of Goji Berries
(Lycium Barbarum and Lycium Chinense) 1
Rao Gollapudi and Noboru Motohashi
Chapter 2 Molecular Interaction Studies of Polyphenols with DNA 51
Jaldappagari Seetharamappa,
Veerendra Kumar A. Kalalbandi, Suma Pawar,
Ranjita Tandel and Noboru Motohashi
Chapter 3 Effective Natural Antidermatophytic Agents: Biopein®, Neopein®
and Suprapein® 97
Youssef W. Mirhom and Frank S. D’Amelio
Chapter 4 Cardenolides and Relates of Mainly Calotropis Gigantea
and C. Procera in the Family Asclepiadacea 109
Saketi Jagan Mohan Rao, Vustelamuri Padmavathi,
Bhattiprolu Kesava Rao and Noboru Motohashi
Index 181

PREFACE

The epidemiological studies by today showed that there are some protective association
between fruit and vegetable consumptions, and their risk of chronic age-related diabetes,
asthenopia, ulcer, inflammation, neurological and other related diseases. Especially,
Phytochemical antioxidant components such as antioxidative vitamins, carotenoids,
polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins contained in vegetables and fruits have widely the
beneficial health effects. These antioxidative components reveal the counteractions
(quenching effects) against reactive oxygen species (ROS) concern these chronic age-related
diseases. Generally, it is thought that phytochemical polyphenols such as anthocyanins are
more stable when compared that of artificial polyphenols. More conveniently, daily different
food intakes from usual vegetable and fruits provide constantly these antioxidative
phytochemicals for everyday health maintenance of human.
Each Chapter in Volume 4 also has been described their phytochemicala, and action and
functionality along purpose of Volume 1 as follows:
Chapter 1 - Recently, there is a growing interest to explore the health benefits of fruits
and vegetables. Goji berries are harvested from Lycium barbarum or L. chinense, belong to
family Solanaceae. Goji berries are used as a health food in China since 2800 BC, from the
time of Shin-Nun dynasty. Goji berries are cultivated in Ningxia Huh region of north-central
China. Goji berries are commonly thought as ―Fountain of Youth‖ owing to their medicinal
properties. Recent scientific investigations revealed that goji berries contain various
phytochemicals that belong to diversified structural constituents such as carotenoids,
alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, lignamides, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and poly-
saccharides.
Furthermore, scientific research studies suggested that the metabolites present in goji
berries exhibited several biological activities. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) describes
that goji berries consumption as functional food helps in nourishing liver and kidney, enrich
the blood, boost the immune system, improve eyesight and increase longevity. Furthermore,
goji berries are used as a yin tonic to protect against blurry vision, and diminishing visual
activity, infertility, obesity, abdominal pain, dry cough, fatigue, and headache. Goji berries
are widely used to treat ocular diseases particularly age related macular degeneration and
other disorders. The presence of lutein and zeaxanthin present in the goji berries is attributed
for the protective properties against macular degeneration. The purpose of this chapter is to
describe biological actives and phytochemicals of goji berries. A caution should be
administered in goji berries consumption as they showed synergism with warfarin.
viii Noboru Motohashi
Chapter 2 - Polyphenols are secondary metabolites characterized by the presence of
several phenol groups and are found largely in fruits, vegetables, cereals and beverages. They
are abundant micronutrients in our diet. It is evident from the extensive literature survey that
polyphenols possess the ideal structural chemistry for free radical scavenging activities and
they have shown to be more effective antioxidants than antioxidative vitamins E and C on a
molar basis. Their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer and
cardiovascular diseases is being explored. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the
amount consumed and on their bioavailability. Polyphenols could be classified into different
groups based on their structural differences. These include phenolic acids, stilbenes,
anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, chalcones, lignins and
tannins. Small bioactive molecules can bind to DNA and artificially alter and/or inhibit the
functioning of DNA. These molecules may act as drugs during alteration or inhibition of
DNA function. This is required to cure or control a disease. Since, DNA is the main
intracellular target for small molecules and drugs, the study of mechanism of interaction
between polyphenols and DNA assumes significance in understanding the biological process,
in studying some diseases and in designing new and efficient drugs. This chapter covers
occurrence, structure and health benefits of polyphenols besides the studies on the molecular
interactions of different polyphenols with DNA by fluorescence, UV absorption, FTIR,
circular dichroism, melting temperature, viscosity measurements and electrochemical
methods.
Chapter 3 - Nowadays, people are staying away from everything synthetic including
preservatives in neutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. This is due to increasing complications
arising from the use of synthetic ingredients, as carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, liver, kidney,
heart, respiratory or nervous system problems. Therefore, three effective natural antimicrobial
agents were developed, namely Biopein, Neopein and Suprapein. They were found to
be effective against certain fungi, viz. Candida albicans and filamentous mold indicating their
possible effectiveness as antimycotics against pathogenic fungal organisms. As a matter of
fact, they were tested against the dermatophytes Epidermophyton, Trichophyton and
microsporum. They were compared to Chotrimazole (CLO) and Ciclopirox Olamine (CO)
which are the active ingredients of the two common topical OTC antimycotic products
namely Lotrimin (Mycelex) and Loprox, respectively. Biopein, Neopein and
Suprapein proved to have quite a low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal
fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 0.003%, 0.0125% and 0.0125%, respectively.
Consequently, Biopein, Neopein and Suprapein possess all the criteria pertinent to an
ideal natural alternative to synthetic antidermatophytic agents with fungicidal activity.
Chapter 4 – Cardenolides and bufadienolides are the two major classes of cardiac
glycosides which can be found in nature. Cardiac glycosides which are so important and
belongs to the class of cardenolides and are derived from Calotropis gigantea
(Asclepiadaceae), Digitalis purpura and lanata (Scrophulariceae) or from other related
sources which has a high therapeutical value. Cardenolides, which were exemplified by
digitoxin possess characteristically an α, β-unsaturated five-membered lactone attached to C-
17 of the aglycone. The substituent is present in the β-configuration (axial) relative to the
steroidal nucleus. The second class of cardiac glycosides i.e., bufadienolides is not of having
much therapeutic importance and is distinguished by the presence of an α-pyrone substituent
at the 17-β-position. The additional features found both in cardenolides and bufadienolides