Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Practical Software

561 Pages·2012·4.61 MB·English

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Object-Oriented Software Engineering
Practical software development using UML and Java
Second edition
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Object-Oriented Software
Engineering
Practical Software Development using UML and Java
Second edition
Timothy C. Lethbridge
Robert Laganière

London • Burr Ridge, IL • New York • St. Louis • San Francisco •Auckland
Bogotá • Caracas • Lisbon • Madrid • Mexico • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi
Panama • Paris• San Juan • São Paulo • Singapore •Tokyo • Toronto
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Object-Oriented Software Engineering
Timothy C Lethbridge
Robert Laganière
ISBN 0-07-70109082
Published by McGraw-Hill Education
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Maidenhead
Berkshire SL62QL
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Website: http://www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk
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Printed and bound in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow
Published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK) Limited an imprint of The McGraw-Hill
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Contents
i
Foreword xi
Preface xv
Guided tour xxii
Technology to enhance learning and teaching xxiv
1 Software and software engineering 1
1.1 The nature of software 1
1.2 What is software engineering? 6
1.3 Software engineering as a branch of the engineering profession 8
1.4 Stakeholders in software engineering 10
1.5 Software quality 11
1.6 Software engineering projects 14
1.7 Activities common to software projects 16
1.8 The themes emphasized in this book 20
1.9 Difficulties and risks in software engineering as a whole 24
1.10 Summary 26
1.11 For more information 26

2 Review of object orientation 29
2.1 What is object orientation? 29
2.2 Classes and objects 31
2.3 Instance variables 36
2.4 Methods, operations and polymorphism 38
2.5 Organizing classes into inheritance hierarchies 39
2.6 The effect of inheritance hierarchies on polymorphism and variable declarations 45
2.7 Concepts that define object orientation 52
2.8 A program for manipulating postal codes 55
2.9 Classes for representing geometric points 57
2.10 Measuring the quality and complexity of a program 60
2.11 Difficulties and risks in programming language choice and OO programming 62
2.12 Summary 63
2.13 For more information 63
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3 Basing software development on reusable technology 67
3.1 Reuse: building on the work and experience of others 68
3.2 Incorporating reusability and reuse into software engineering 69
3.3 Frameworks: reusable subsystems 71
3.4 The client–server architecture 77
3.5 Technology needed to build client–server systems 87
3.6 The Object Client–Server Framework (OCSF) 91
3.7 Basic description of OCSF – client side 92
3.8 Basic description of OCSF – server side 95
3.9 An instant messaging application using the OCSF 99
3.10 Difficulties and risks when considering reusable technology and
client–server systems 101
3.11 Summary 102
3.12 For more information 103
4 Developing requirements 109
4.1 Domain analysis 109
4.2 The starting point for software projects 114
4.3 Defining the problem and the scope 115
4.4 What is a requirement? 119
4.5 Types of requirements 119
4.6 Use cases: describing how the user will use the system 127
4.7 Some techniques for gathering requirements 138
4.8 Types of requirements document 145
4.9 Reviewing requirements 148
4.10 Managing changing requirements 155
4.11 GPS-based Automobile Navigation Assistant (GANA) 156
4.12 Requirements for a feature of the SimpleChat instant messaging program 160
4.13 Difficulties and risks in domain and requirements analysis 164
4.14 Summary 165
4.15 For more informatio n 166
5 Modeling with classes 169
5.1 What is UML? 169
5.2 Essentials of UML class diagrams 172
5.3 Associations and multiplicity 173
5.4 Generalization 182
5.5 Object diagrams 186
5.6 More advanced features of class diagrams 188
5.7 The basics of Object Constraint Language (OCL) 193
5.8 A class diagram for genealogy 196
5.9 The process of developing class diagrams 199
5.10 Implementing class diagrams in Java 216
5.11 Difficulties and risks when creating class diagrams 218
5.12 Summary 218
5.13 For more information 219
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Contents
6 Using design patterns 221
6.1 Introduction to patterns 221
6.2 The Abstraction–Occurrence pattern 223
6.3 The General Hierarchy pattern 226
6.4 The Player–Role pattern 228
6.5 The Singleton pattern 231
6.6 The Observer pattern 232
6.7 The Delegation pattern 234
6.8 The Adapter pattern 236
6.9 The Façade pattern 238
6.10 The Immutable pattern 239
6.11 The Read-Only Interface pattern 240
6.12 The Proxy pattern 241
6.13 The Factory pattern 243
6.14 Enhancing OCSF to employ additional design patterns 246
6.15 Difficulties and risks when using design patterns 250
6.16 Summary 251
6.17 For more information 251
7 Focusing on users and their tasks 253
7.1 User-centered design 254
7.2 Characteristics of users 256
7.3 The basics of user interface design 258
7.4 Usability principles 262
7.5 Evaluating user interfaces 273
7.6 Implementing a simple GUI in Java 276
7.7 Difficulties and risks in user-centered design 280
7.8 Summary 280
7.9 For more information 281
8 Modeling interactions and b ehavior 285
8.1 Interaction diagrams 285
8.2 State diagrams 292
8.3 Activity diagrams 301
8.4 Implementing classes based on interaction and state diagrams 302
8.5 Difficulties and risks in modeling interactions and behavior 306
8.6 Summary 307
8.7 For more information 307
9 Architecting and designing software 309
9.1 The process of design 310
9.2 Principles leading to good design 314
Design Principle 1: Divide and conquer 314
Design Principle 2: Increase cohesion where possible 315
Design Principle 3: Reduce coupling where possible 321
Design Principle 4: Keep the level of abstraction as high as possible 329
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Contents
Design Principle 5: Increase reusability where possible 330
Design Principle 6: Reuse existing designs and code where possible 331
Design Principle 7: Design for flexibility 331
Design Principle 8: Anticipate obsolescence 332
Design Principle 9: Design for portability 333
Design Principle 10: Design for testability 334
Design Principle 11: Design defensively 334
9.3 Techniques for making good design decisions 336
9.4 Model Driven Development 340
9.5 Software architecture 342
9.6 Architectural patterns 347
The Multi-Layer architectural pattern 347
The Client–Server and other distributed architectural patterns 349
The Broker architectural pattern 351
The Transaction Processing architectural pattern 352
The Pipe-and-Filter architectural pattern 353
The Model–View–Controller (MVC) architectural pattern 355
The Service-Oriented architectural pattern 358
The Message-Oriented architectural pattern 360
9.7 Writing a good design document 362
9.8 Design of a feature for the SimpleChat instant messaging application 365
9.9 Difficulties and risks in design 366
9.10 Summary 367
9.11 For more information 368
10 Testing and inspecting to ensure high quality 371
10.1 Basic definitions 371
10.2 Effective and efficient testing 373
10.3 Defects in ordinary algorithms 380
10.4 Defects in numerical algorithms 388
10.5 Defects in timing an d co-ordination: deadlocks, livelocks and critical races 391
10.6 Defects in handling stress and unusual situations 394
10.7 Documentation defects 398
10.8 Writing formal test cases and test plans 398
10.9 Strategies for testing large systems 402
10.10 Inspections 409
10.11 Quality assurance in general 413
10.12 Test cases for phase 2 of the SimpleChat instant messaging system 416
10.13 Difficulties and risks in quality assurance 420
10.14 Summary 421
10.15 For more information 422
11 Managing the software process 425
11.1 What is project management? 425
11.2 Software process models 428
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11.3 Cost estimation 435
11.4 Building software engineering teams 445
11.5 Project scheduling and tracking 449
11.6 Contents of a project plan 452
11.7 Difficulties and risks in project management 453
11.8 Summary 455
11.9 For more information 456
12 Review 459
12.1 Theme 1: Understanding the customer and user 459
12.2 Theme 2: Basing development on solid principles and reusable technology 459
12.3 Theme 3: Object orientation 464
12.4 Theme 4: Visual modeling using UML 464
12.5 Theme 5: Evaluation of alternatives in requirements and design 465
12.6 Theme 6: Incorporating quantitative and logical thinking 465
12.7 Theme 7: Iterative and agile development 466
12.8 Theme 8: Communicating effectively using documentation 467
12.9 Theme 9: Risk management in all software engineering activities 467
12.10 Where next? 469
Appendix A: Summary of the UML notation used in this book 471
Appendix B: Summary of the documentation types recommended in this book 475
Appendix C: System descriptions 479
Glossary 485