NUMERICALSIMULATIONINHYDRAULICFRACTURING: MULTIPHYSICSTHEORYANDAPPLICATIONS Multiphysics Modeling Series Editors Jochen Bundschuh UniversityofSouthernQueensland(USQ),Toowoomba,Australia RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden Mario César SuárezArriaga PrivateConsultant,ThermomechanicsofPorousRocks,Morelia, Michoacán,Mexico ISSN:1877-0274 Volume 8 Numerical Simulation in Hydraulic Fracturing: Multiphysics Theory and Applications XinpuShen GuoyangTechnologyandServices,Houston,TX,USA WilliamStandifird Halliburton,Consulting,Houston,TX,USA CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2017Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedhereinmaybe reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfrom thepublishers. 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Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Appliedfor ISBN:978-1-138-02962-0(Hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-20619-6(eBook) About the book series Numericalmodelingistheprocessofobtainingapproximatesolutionstoproblemsofscientific and/orengineeringinterest.Thebookseriesaddressesnovelmathematicalandnumericaltech- niqueswithaninterdisciplinaryemphasisthatcutsacrossallfieldsofscience,engineeringand technology.Itfocusesonbreakthroughresearchinarichlyvariedrangeofapplicationsinphys- ical,chemical,biological,geoscientific,medicalandotherfieldsinresponsetotheexplosively growinginterestinnumericalmodelingingeneralanditsexpansiontoevermoresophisticated physics.Thegoalofthisseriesistobridgetheknowledgegapamongengineers,scientists,and softwaredeveloperstrainedinavarietyofdisciplinesandtoimproveknowledgetransferamong thesegroupsinvolvedinresearch,developmentand/oreducation. Thisbookseriesoffersauniquecollectionofworkedproblemsindifferentfieldsofengineering andappliedmathematicsandscience,withawelcomeemphasisoncouplingtechniques.Thebook series satisfies the need for up-to-date information on numerical modeling. Faster computers andnewlydevelopedorimprovednumericalmethodssuchasboundaryelementandmeshless methodsorgeneticcodeshavemadenumericalmodelingthemostefficientstate-of-the-arttoolfor integratingscientificandtechnologicalknowledgeinthedescriptionofphenomenaandprocesses in engineered and natural systems. In general, these challenging problems are fundamentally coupled processes that involve dynamically evolving fluid flow, mass transport, heat transfer, deformationofsolids,andchemicalandbiologicalreactions. Thisseriesprovidesanunderstandingofcomplicatedcoupledphenomenaandprocesses, its forecasting, and approaches in problem solving for a diverse group of applications, including naturalresourcesexplorationandexploitation(e.g.waterresourcesandgeothermalandpetroleum reservoirs),naturaldisasterriskreduction(earthquakes,volcaniceruptions,tsunamis),evaluation andmitigationofhumaninducedphenomena(climatechange),andoptimizationofengineering systems(e.g.constructiondesign,manufacturingprocesses). JochenBundschuh MarioCésarSuárezArriaga (SeriesEditors) vii Editorial board JacobBear DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringTechnion, IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel E-mail:[email protected] AngelikaBunse-Gerstner CenterofIndustrialMathematics,FacultyofMathematicsand ComputerScience,UniversityofBremen,28359Bremen,Germany E-mail:[email protected] Chun-JungChen ChenLifeScienceGroup,ResearchDivision,National SynchrotronRadiationResearchCenter,andDepartmentof Physics,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu30076,Taiwan E-mail:[email protected] AlexanderH.D.Cheng SchoolofEngineering,DepartmentofCivilEngineering, UniversityofMississippi,MS38677-1848 E-mail:[email protected] MartínA.DíazViera MexicanInstituteofPetroleum(IMP),MexicoCity,Mexico E-mail:[email protected] HansJ.Diersch GroundwaterModellingCentre,DHI-WASYGmbH, 12526Berlin,Germany E-mail:[email protected] JesusA.Dominguez KennedySpaceCenter,FL,USA E-mail:[email protected] DonaldEstep DepartmentofStatistics,CenterforInterdisciplinaryMathematics andStatistics,ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins, CO80523,USA E-mail:[email protected] EdFontes COMSOL,SE-11140,Stockholm,Sweden E-mail:[email protected] IsmaelHerrera InstituteofGeophysics,NationalUniversityofMexico(UNAM), 14000,MexicoD.F.,Mexico E-mail:[email protected] JimKnox LifeSupportSystemsDevelopmentTeam,NASAMarshallSpace FlightCenter,Huntsville,AL35812,USA E-mail:[email protected] RafidalKhoury ComputationalMechanics,FacultyofCivilEngineeringand Geosciences,DelftUniversityofTechnology,2628CNDelft, TheNetherlands E-mail:[email protected] WilliamLayton DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA15260,USA E-mail:[email protected] KewenLi DepartmentofEnergyResourcesEngineering, StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305-2220,USA E-mail:[email protected] ix