Table Of Content

Numerical Methods Real-Time and Embedded Systems Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gnirutaeF htped-ni coverage of: dexdinFa l gnitaolf tniop mathematical techniques tuohtiwa coprocessor laciremuNO/I l for embedded systems ataDnoisrevnoc l methods Don Morgan Numerical Methods Real-Time and Embedded Systems Programming Numerical Methods Real-Time and Embedded Systems Programming gnirutaeF htped-ni egarevoc :fo dexiFdna l gnitaolf tniop mathematical techniques tuohtiwa coprocessor lacirOe/mIuN l rofdeddebme systems noisrev naotcaD l methods Don Morgan T&MskooB .,cgnnIihs in lofTbio&usMP iAviD 411 BOREL AVE. NAS ,OETAM AC20449 © 29 9,1 gyn.bic hnTsI&iMlbuP detnir Pni eh tde tsientUatS foaciremA yna yb ro mrof yna ni dettimsnart ro decudorper eb yam ksid ro koob siht fo trap oN .devreser sthgir llA dn aegarot snoitamrofn iyn ay br o,gnidroce r,gniypocotoh pgnidulcn i,lacinahce mr ocinortcel e,snaem laveirter ,metsys tuohtiw roirp nettirw noissimrep morf eht .rehsilbuP tcatnoC eht rehsilbuProf noitamrofn ino ngiero.fsthgir stimiL yftoil ir bedamniiaLal cfsyoitDnarraW ehT rohtuA dna rehsilbuP fo siht koob evah desu rieht tseb stroffe ni gniraperp eht koob dnaeht smargorp deniatnoc ni ti dna no eht .etteksid esehT stroffe edulcni eht ,tnempole v,ehdcraeserdna gnitset fo eh tseiroeh tdn asmargorp o teni.msrs eertnieeedvhittceffe eh Trohtu Ardenhas ielkbaumP oyntnarr afwo yna d,edsnsiekr p rx,oedei lhptm iidwrager oteseht enli b taleoilb nlarheshsil bdrunoPah te.uhkA To s odinbehintiat nnoocitatnemu cseromhodatrgorp ,gnihsin r e u, htffgtuonois i,rrho atniowitcen nsnoeicga mlaaditneuqes nlroaoctnedi c rntoinf eyvnea ,ecnamrof rreop esu fo ese.hstmargorp yrarbiL f onoitaci lsbsuePr-gnniao-tCganDigolataC ,nagroM noD-8491 la ceimrieTm-ulNaeR/sdohte Mdna deddebmE smetsySgnimmargorP yb noDnagroM .mc .p sedulcnIxednI NBSI 2-232-l5855-l kooB dna ksiDtes .1 cinortcelE l.agtniigmimdargorP—sretupmoc .2 emit-laeR atad.gnissecorp 3. .gnimmargor Pdr—eesdtmdueeptbmsmoyEcs .IeltiT QA76.6.M669 1992 513.2 ' 0285—dc20 91-47911 CIP tcejorP :rotidE irrehrSatsgninroM revoC :ngiseD neruaL htimSngiseD 95 94 93 92 4 3 2 1 :skramedarT The 80386, 80486 are registered trademarks and the 8051, 8048, 8086, 8088, 691CO 8dna 68208 esrtacud o ,rfnpoo ialtt ean,traanoSrIparl oC.CAC ehT 08Z sid earetsiger krameda rfto goli Z,,.lclneIbp m.aACC e h0T1043SM Tsi a tcudorp f o,s t,snsaeaxmleulTratDsnI .X TtfosorciM C si a tcudorp fo tfosor c.ipMr o,CdnomdeR.AW Acknowledgment Thank you Anita, Donald and Rachel for your love and forbearance. Contents YHW SIHT KOOB SI ROFUOY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 RETPAHC :1 SREBMUN ............................................... 7 smetsyS fonoitatneserpeR ........................................................... 8 Bases .............................................................................. 9 ehT xidaR ,tnioP dexiF dnagnitaolF ............................................. 12 sepyT focitemhtirA .......................................................... 15 dexiFtnioP ................................................................... 15 gnitaolFtnioP ................................................................. 17 evitisoP dna evitageNsrebmuN ............................................... 18 latnemadnuF citemhtirAselpicnirP ............................................ 21 srossecorporciM ....................................................................... 21 htdiwsuB ....................................................................... 22 ataDepyt ......................................................................... 24 sgalF ........................................................................ 24 g n diy ndkeatnchiuitBotRS ........................................... 25 gnihcnarB ............................................................. 26 NUMERICAL METHODS snoitcurtsnI ............................................................................................. 26 noitiddA ............................................................................................ 26 noitcartbuS ........................................................................................ 27 noitacilpitluM .................................................................................. 27 noisiviD ............................................................................................ 28 noitageN dnasngiS ............................................................................. 28 ,stfihS setatoR dnanoitazilamroN ....................................................... 29 lamiceD IIC SdAna snoitcurtsnI ......................................................... 30 RETPAHC :2 SREGETNI .......................................................... 33 noitiddA dnanoitcartbuS ............................................................................. 33 dengisnU noitiddA dnanoitcartbuS .................................................... 33 noisicerpitluMcitemhtirA .................................................................. 35 :46ddamhtiroglA ............................................................................... 36 :46ddagnitsiL ..................................................................................... 36 :46busmhtiroglA ................................................................................ 37 :46busgnitsiL ..................................................................................... 37 dengiS noitiddA dnanoitcartbuS ........................................................ 38 lamiceD noitiddA dnanoitcartbuS ...................................................... 40 noitacilpitluM dnanoisiviD ......................................................................... 42 dengiS .svdengisnU ....................................................................... 43 :noitarepo-dengis mhtiroglA ............................................................... 44 :noitarepo-dengis gnitsiL ................................................................... 45 yraniBnoitacilpitluM .................................................................................. 46 :lumcmhtiroglA ................................................................................ 49 :lumcgnitsiL .................................................................................... 49 STNETNOC A rets atFfihS and ddA ................................................................................. 50 :2lumc mhtiroglA .............................................................................. 51 :2lumcgnitsiL .................................................................................... 52 gnippikS senO dnasoreZ ............................................................................. 53 :htoobmhtiroglA ................................................................................ 55 :htoobgnitsiL ..................................................................................... 55 bit-pair: mhtiroglA ............................................................................. 57 bit-pair: gnitsiL ................................................................................. 58 erawdraH :noitacilpitluM elgniS dnanoisicerpitluM ..................................... 16 :231um mhtiroglA ............................................................................... 62 :231umgnitsiL .................................................................................... 63 yraniBnoisiviD ........................................................................................... 64 rorrEgnikcehC .................................................................................. 64 erawtfoSnoisiviD ........................................................................................ 65 :vidcmhtiroglA .................................................................................. 67 :vidc Listing. ..................................................................................... 86 erawdraHnoisiviD ...................................................................................... 69 div32: mhtiroglA ................................................................................ 47 :23vidgnitsiL .................................................................................... 75 :46vidmhtiroglA ............................................................................... 79 :46vidgnitsiL ..................................................................................... 80 RETPAHC ;3 LAER SREBMUN .................................................. 85 dexiF tnioP ................................................................................................. 86 tnacifingiS Bits ............................................................................................ 78 The xidaR tnioP ......................................................................................... 89 gnidnuoR .................................................................................................... 89 cisaB tnioP-dexiFsnoitarepO ...................................................................... 92 LACIREMUNSDOHTEM A enituoR rof gniwarsDelcriC ................................................................... 95 circle: Algorithm .......................................................................... 98 :elcric gnitsiL ................................................................................ 98 mhtirog lgAniwarD-en isL’mahneserB ............................................ 100 line: Algorithm ............................................................................. 101 :genniitlsiL ....................................................................................... 102 noisiviD ybnoisrevnI ............................................................................. 105 :twenvidmhtiroglA .............................................................................. 108 :twenvidgnitsiL ................................................................................ 109 noisiviD ybnoitacilpitluM .............................................................................. 114 :lumvidmhtiroglA .............................................................................. 116 :lumvidgnitsiL ................................................................................... 117 RETPAHC :4 TNIOP-GNITAOLF CITEMHTIRA ........................ 123 What To Expect ....................................................................................... 124 A llamS tnioP-gnitaolFegakcaP ................................................................ 127 ehT stnemelE fo a tnioP-gnitaolFrebmuN .............................................. 128 Extended Precision ............................................................................ 131 ehT lanretxEsenituoR ................................................................................. 132 :dda_pf mhtiroglA ............................................................................. 132 fp_add: Listing ................................................................................. 133 ehT eroCsenituoR ........................................................................................ 134 gnittiF esehT senituoR ot nanoitacilppA ...................................................... 136 noitiddA dna :noitcartbuSDDALF .............................................................. 136 :DDALF ehT .eugolorPmhtiroglA ...................................................... 138 :DDALF ehT .eugolorPgnitsiL .......................................................... 138 ehT DDALF enituoR hcihW dnarepO si ?tsegmrhatLiroglA .............. 140 ehT DDALF:enituoR hcihW dnarepO si ?tsegrganLitsiL .................... 141 STNETNOC ehT DD A:Le FngintiunogRil Aeht xid a.RsmthntiiorPoglA ................. 142 ehT DDALF :enituoR gningilA eht xidaR .tnioPgnitsiL .................... 143 :DDALF ehT .eugolipmEhtiroglA ..................................................... 144 :DDALF ehT .eugolipEgnitsiL ........................................................... 145 noitacilpitluM dna :noisiviDLUMLF .......................................................... 147 :lumlfmhtiroglA ................................................................................. 147 :lumlf gnitsiL .................................................................................... 148 :a461um mhtiroglA ........................................................................... 151 :a461umgnitsiL ................................................................................. 152 VIDLF ............................................................................................... 154 :vidlfmhtiroglA .................................................................................. 154 :vidlfgnitsiL ...................................................................................... 155 gnidnuoR ..................................................................................................... 159 :dnuoRmhtiroglA ............................................................................... 159 :dnuoRgnitsiL ................................................................................... 160 RETPAHC :5 ,TUPNI ,TUPTUO DNANOISREVNOC ....... ....... 361. lamiceDcitemhtirA ...................................................................................... 164 snoisrevnoC xidaR ...................................................................................... 165 regetnI noisrevnoC ybnoisiviD ................................................................... 165 :tnd_nbmhtiroglA .............................................................................. 166 :tnd_nbgnitsiL ................................................................................... 167 regetnI noisrevnoC ybnoitacilpitluM ........................................................... 169 :nb_tndmhtiroglA .............................................................................. 170 :nb_tndgnitsiL ................................................................................... 170 noitcarF noisrevnoC by noitacilpitluM .......................................................... 172 :cd_cfbmhtiroglA ............................................................................... 173 :cd_cfbgnitsiL .................................................................................... 173