Nucleic Acids from A to Z: A Concise Encyclopedia PDF
Preview Nucleic Acids from A to Z: A Concise Encyclopedia
JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 NucleicAcidsfromAtoZ Editedby SabineMu¨ller JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 RelatedTitles N.Sewald,H.-D.Jakubke R.K.Hartmann,A.Bindereif,A.Schön, E.Westhof(Eds.) PeptidesfromAtoZ Handbook of RNA AConciseEncyclopedia Biochemistry 2008 ISBN978-3-527-31722-6 2005 ISBN978-3-527-30826-2 P.Herdewijn(Ed.) G.Kahl ModifiedNucleosides TheDictionary ofGene inBiochemistry,Biotechnologyand Medicine Technology Genomics,Transcriptomics,Proteomics 2008 2Volumes ISBN978-3-527-31820-9 2004 ISBN978-3-527-30765-4 C.S.Tsai Biomacromolecules– IntroductiontoStructure, FunctionandInformatics 2006 ISBN978-0-470-08012-2 JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 Nucleic Acids from A to Z A Concise Encyclopedia Edited by Sabine Mu¨ller WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 TheEditor (cid:1) AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors, Prof.Dr.SabineMu¨ller editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t informationcontainedinthesebooks, Greifswald includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors. Institutfu¨rBiochemie Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat Felix-Hausdoff-Strasse4 statements,data,illustrations,procedural 17487Greifswald detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybe Germany inaccurate. LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable fromtheBritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe DeutscheNationalbibliothek DieDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis publicationintheDeutscheNational- bibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataare availableintheInternetat http://dnb.d-nb.de (cid:1)c 2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co. KGaA,Weinheim Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopartof thisbookmaybereproducedinanyform– byphotoprinting,microfilm,oranyother means–nortransmittedortranslatedintoa machinelanguagewithoutwrittenpermission fromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhen notspecificallymarkedassuch,arenottobe consideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany Printedonacid-freepaper Composition Aptara,NewDelhi,India Printing StraussGmbH,Mo¨rlenbach Bookbinding Litges&DopfGmbH, Heppenheim ISBN978-3-527-31211-5 IV JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 Preface WiththediscoveryoftheDNAdoublehelixin1953,thestructureandfunctionofnucleic acids became one of the central subjects of research in molecular biology. As a result, wehavetodayamoreexactknowledgeofthestructure–functionrelationofnucleicacids andofthemanyparametersthatareinvolvedintheirregulation.Sincethen,thefieldof nucleicacidsresearchhasexploded,particularlyoverthepasttwodecades.Majordiscov- eriesincludethatofribozymes,thephenomenonofRNAinterferenceaswellasthemany different functions of small noncoding RNAs in the living cell. Oligonucleotides show promiseastherapeuticagentsandoligonucleotideconjugatesplayanimportantroleas nonradioactiveprobesindiagnosticmedicine.Atthesametime,nucleicacidchemistry hasdevelopedtoadegreethatallowsthesynthesisoflongDNAandRNAoligonucleotides ofanydesiredsequencefromthemicrogramtomulti-gramscale.Thisprovidesscien- tistswithimportanttoolsforstudiesinmolecularbiology,biochemistryandmedicine. Moreover,anumberofotherdisciplinesmakeuseofsyntheticoligonucleotides,e.g.as tethersinpositioningfunctionalgroupsatspecificlocationsinmolecularassemblies.In the field of material science, research is directed toward creating novel materials from nanoparticleoligonucleotideconjugates.Obviously,nucleicacidsnowadayshaveentered intomanyresearchareas.Thepresentbookisanattempttoconsolidatetheknowledge thathasbeencollected,togetherwithdefinitionsandexplanationsofnucleicacidrelevant terms.Thus,NucleicAcidsfromAtoZisenvisionedtoserveasaconciseencyclopedia coveringallaspectsofnucleicacidsresearchinthedifferentareasofscience. WhenFrankWeinreichfromWiley-VCHfirst suggestedthatIwork onthisproject, I was excited and thought that it would be a good idea to put all the information on nucleicacidstogetherintoonebook.Later,whenIhadstarteddevelopingaconceptand collecting keywords, I understood what a tremendous plan that was. Looking at terms coveringthefieldofRNAalonewoulddeliversufficientmaterialtofillabook.Thesame holds for DNA, as genetic material, as drug, as building block for molecular devices, nanostructuresorfunctionalunits.Furtheron,thesynthesisofnucleicacids,enzymes workingonandmoleculesinteractingwiththem,applicationofnucleicacidsaswellas methods for structural and functional analysis should be considered in a nucleic acid encyclopedia.Andnottoforget,structuresderivedfromandrelatedtonucleicacidsalso belongtoit. I am far from claiming that the book is complete. Nevertheless, I hope that I have succeededincollectingalargevarietyofnucleicacid-relatedtermscomingfromdifferent researchfields.Itwasmyaimtoaccumulateexpertisefromnucleicacidanalytics,bio- chemistry, genetics, molecular medicine, nanotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, syntheticchemistry,theoreticalandstructuralbiology,allcombinedintoonebook.Imay have overlooked important keywords and likely the one or the other term is missing. Please,keepmeinformedaboutsuchcases. NucleicAcidsfromAtoZ:AConciseEncyclopedia.EditedbySabineMu¨ller Copyright(cid:1)C 2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:978-3-527-31211-5 V JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 Preface VI Ofcourse,suchabookisnotwrittenbyoneperson.Iwishtothankallparticipating authors and sub authors, whose efforts and high-quality contributions made this book possible.IamparticularlygratefultoMauroSantos,MilanStojanovicandStefanVo¨rtler, whoallhavedonealotmorethenIhadrequired.Thedeepestthanks,however,istothe peopleofmygroup,BettinaAppel,ValeskaDombos,IreneDrude,SlawomirGwiazda, Mattha¨usJanczyk,DeniseStrohbach,Jo¨rnWolfandSte´phanieVaule´on,whosupported methroughouttheprojectandhelpedalottobringthemanuscriptintoit’sfinalshape. I thank Fritz Eckstein for helpful advice in the initial stage. Last, but not least, I wish to thank the team from Wiley-VCH, Frank Weinreich for encouraging me to take the challengeofeditingthisbook,BettinaBems,TimKersebohmandStefanieVolkfortheir assistanceduringmanuscriptpreparation,RayLoughlinforcopyediting,ClaudiaGro¨ssl forthegoodcollaborationduringcompletionofthebook,andallofthemfortheirendless patienceandhelp. Ihopemanyscientists,universityteachersandstudents,andallotherpeoplewhoare interested in this fascinating field will find this book a valuable source of information showingthemanyfacesofnucleicacidsinmorethanoneareaofscience. Greifswald,January2008 SabineMu¨ller HowtoUsethisEncyclopedia Therearetwokindsofcross-referencesinthismini-encyclopedia: (cid:1) Anarrow(→)denotessynonymousorcloselyrelatedentries. (cid:1) Anasterisk(*)indicatesthataseparateentryisavailableforfurtherreading. JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 ListofContributors Dr.BettinaAppel Dipl.-Biochem.IreneDrude Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t Max-Planck-Institutfu¨r Greifswald MolekularePhysiologie 17487Greifswald 44227Dortmund Germany Germany Prof.Dr.Bernd-JoachimBenecke Dr.PierreFechter Ruhr-Universita¨tBochum UPR9002-ARN,ULP,CNRS 44780Bochum InstitutedeBiologieMole´culaire Germany etCellulaireduCNRS 67084Strasbourg Dr.YaakovBenenson France HarvardUniversity Cambridge,MA02138 Prof.Dr.Hans-JoachimFritz USA Georg-August-Universita¨t Go¨ttingen Dipl.-Chem.LucasBethge 37077Go¨ttingen Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin Germany 12489Berlin Germany Dr.BorisFu¨rtig Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universita¨t Dr.SusanneBrakmann Frankfurt Universita¨tDortmund 60438Frankfurt 44227Dortmund Germany Germany Prof.Dr.RoserGonza´lez-Duarte Dr.NinaG.Dolinnaya UniversitatdeBarcelona LomonossovMoscowStateUniversity 08028Barcelona 119991Moscow Spain Russia Dipl.-Chem.TomGrossmann Dipl.-Chem.ValeskaDombos Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t 12489Berlin Greifswald Germany 17487Greifswald Germany NucleicAcidsfromAtoZ:AConciseEncyclopedia.EditedbySabineMu¨ller Copyright(cid:1)C 2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:978-3-527-31211-5 VII JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 ListofContributors VIII Dipl.-Biochem.SlawomirGwiazda Prof.Dr.EvgenyKatz Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t ClarksonUniversity Greifswald Potsdam,NY13699-5810 17487Greifswald USA Germany Dr.SvenKlussmann Prof.Dr.UliHahn NOXXONPharmaAG Universita¨tHamburg 10589Berlin 20146Hamburg Germany Germany Prof.Dr.EricT.Kool Prof.Dr.RolandHartmann StanfordUniversity Philipps-Universita¨tMarburg Stanford,CA94305 35032Marburg USA Germany Dr.AndrewT.Krueger Prof.Dr.ChristianHerrmann StanfordUniversity Ruhr-Universita¨tBochum Stanford,CA94305 44780Bochum USA Germany Dr.ElenaA.Kubareva Dr.IvoHofacker LomonossovMoscowStateUniversity Universita¨tWien 119991Moscow 1090Wien Russia Austria Dr.JensKurreck Dipl.-Biochem.Mattha¨usJanczyk Universita¨tStuttgart Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t 70569Stuttgart Greifswald Germany 17487Greifswald Germany Dr.DavidLoakes MRCLaboratoryofMolecularBiology Prof.Dr.AndresJa¨schke CambridgeCB22QH Universita¨tHeidelberg UnitedKingdom 69120Heidelberg Germany Dr.GemmaMarfany UniversitatdeBarcelona Dr.Hans-WernerJunghans 08028Barcelona Universita¨tKonstanz Spain 78457Konstanz Germany Prof.Dr.AndreasMarx Universita¨tKonstanz 78457Konstanz Germany JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 IX ListofContributors Dr.ValeriyG.Metelev Dr.NicolasPiganeau LomonossovMoscowStateUniversity Universita¨tHamburg 119991Moscow 20146Hamburg Russia Germany Prof.Dr.RonaldMicura Prof.Dr.TobiasRestle Leopold-Franzens-Universita¨t Universita¨tzuLu¨beck 6020Innsbruck 23538Lu¨beck Austria Germany Prof.Dr.MarioM¨orl Dipl.-Chem.LarsR¨oglin Universita¨tLeipzig Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin 04103Leipzig 12489Berlin Germany Germany Prof.Dr.SabineMu¨ller Dr.PascaleRomby Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t UPR9002-ARN,ULP,CNRS Greifswald InstitutedeBiologieMole´culaire 17487Greifswald etCellulaireduCNRS Germany 67084Strasbourg France Prof.Dr.FranzNarberhaus Ruhr-Universita¨tBochum Dr.PaulW.K.Rothemund 44780Bochum CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology Germany Pasadena,CA91125 USA Prof.Dr.WolfgangNellen Universita¨tKassel Prof.Dr.MauroSantos 34109Kassel UniversitatAuto´nomadeBarcelona Germany 08193Bellaterra(Barcelona) Spain MarkOlah UniversityofNewMexico Dr.OlavSchiemann Albuquerque,NM87131 UniversityofSt.Andrews USA St.Andrews,KY169ST UnitedKingdom Prof.Dr.TatianaS.Oretskaya LomonossovMoscowStateUniversity Prof.Dr.HaraldSchwalbe 119991Moscow Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universita¨t Russia Frankfurt 60438Frankfurt Dr.TinaPersson Germany LundUniversity 22100Lund Sweden JWBG006-Muller-FM April11,2008 20:55 CharCount=0 ListofContributors X Prof.Dr.GeorgSczakiel Dr.RajeshKumarSingh Universita¨tzuLu¨beck Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universita¨t 23538Lu¨beck Greifswald Germany 17487Greifswald Germany Prof.Dr.NadrianC.Seeman NewYorkUniversity Dr.AndreasSpringer NewYork,NY10003 FreieUniversita¨tBerlin USA 14195Berlin Germany Prof.Dr.ClausSeidel Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨t Prof.Dr.PeterStadler Du¨sseldorf Universita¨tLeipzig 40225Du¨sseldorf 04107Leipzig Germany Germany Prof.Dr.OliverSeitz Prof.Dr.DarkoStefanovic Humboldt-Universita¨tzuBerlin UniversityofNewMexico 12489Berlin Albuquerque,NM87131 Germany USA Dr.PetrSergiev Prof.Dr.MilanStojanovic LomonossovMoscowStateUniversity ColumbiaUniversity 119991Moscow NewYork,NY10032 Russia USA Prof.Dr.RolandK.O.Sigel Dr.DeniseStrohbach Universita¨tZu¨rich Ruhr-Universita¨tBochum 8057Zu¨rich 44780Bochum Switzerland Germany Prof.Dr.SnorriThorSigurdsson Dr.BeatrixSu¨ß UniversityofIceland Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universita¨t 101Reykjavik Frankfurt Iceland 60438Frankfurt Germany Dr.AdamSilvermann StanfordUniversity Prof.Dr.E¨orsSzathma´ry Stanford,CA94305 CollegiumBudapest USA 1014Budapest Hungary
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