Nuclear Spectroscopy and Reactions, Part C

592 Pages·1974·8.075 MB·English

by  JOSEPH CERNY (Eds.)

Nuclear Spectroscopy
and Reactions
PART C
Edited by JOSEPH CERNY
Department of Chemistry
and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California
A C A D E M IC PRESS New York and London
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1974, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
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ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cerny, Joseph.
Nuclear spectroscopy and reactions.
(Pure and applied physics, v. 40-C)
Includes bibliographies.
1. Nuclear spectroscopy. 2. Nuclear reactions.
I. Title. II. Series.
QC454.N8C47 543'.085 72-13606
ISBN 0-12-165203-3 (pt. C)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
F. AJZENBERG-SELOVE, Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (551)
B. L. BERMAN, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California,
Livermore, California (377)
E. CHEiFETZ,t Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (229)
A. J. FERGUSON, Nuclear Physics Branch, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories,
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (277)
D. B. FOSSAN, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York (307)
O. HAUSSER, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (55)
J. C. HARDY, Physics Division, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Atomic
Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (417)
A. E. LITHERLAND, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (143)
F. K. MCGOWAN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (3)
INDREK MARTINSON, Research Institute for Physics, Stockholm, Sweden
(467)
J. O. NEWTON, Department of Nuclear Physics, Institute of Advanced
Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (185)
E. RECKNAGEL, Physics Department, Free University of Berlin, and Nuclear
and Radiation Physics Department, Hahn-Meitner Institute for Nu­
clear Research, Berlin, Germany (93)
t Present address: Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, Israel.
ix
X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
C. ROLFS, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (143)
D. A. SHIRLEY, Department of Chemistry and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, California (513)
P. H. STELSON, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (3)
E. K. WARBURTGN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
(307)
J. B. WILHELMY,* Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (229)
t Present address: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
PREFACE
This work presents a survey of the development of a substantial fraction of
the field of nuclear spectroscopy and reactions, with an emphasis on in-beam
spectroscopy. It basically attempts to follow the spirit of "Nuclear Spectros­
copy," edited by Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, which was published more than
a decade ago. Hopefully, by bringing together at one time some 48 related
chapters by 59 experts dealing with particular subdivisions of this active
research area, the user will be able to acquire a broad, contemporary per­
spective of this field.
As before, these volumes have been primarily designed for use by graduate
students engaging in experimental studies in nuclear spectroscopy and reac­
tions as well as by specialists interested in ideas or techniques developed in
other areas of research. Each author was requested to make his contribution
accessible to a student who has completed graduate-level courses in nuclear
physics and quantum mechanics.
This work is organized into four parts, each of which attempts to present
a coherent area within the field. Part C contains an extensive coverage of
gamma-ray spectroscopy as well as chapters on important related or recently
unreviewed topics and a guide to nuclear compilations.
Due to the large number of contributors, inevitable problems of duplica­
tion, variable depth of coverage, and differing notation have arisen. Insofar
as possible these problems have been minimized, but retaining the flavor of
the original contribution as well as the notation employed in a particular
research specialty were often overriding concerns.
As the editor I have profited both from many discussions with colleagues
concerning the nature and substance of the work as well as from the pleasant
interactions with the contributing authors. In particular I would like to
express my deep appreciation to F. Ajzenberg-Selove, B. G. Harvey, D. L.
Hendrie, and A. M. Poskanzer for much valuable advice.
xi
CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS
PART A
I Accelerators in Low and Intermediate Energy Nuclear Physics
LA Electrostatic Accelerators
K, W. Allen
LB The Cyclotron
Bernard G. Harvey
LC Specialized Accelerators
I.C.I Heavy Ion Accelerators
R. Bock
I.C.2 High Intensity Meson Facilities
M. Stanley Livingston
I.C. 3 Electron Linear Accelerators
H. A. Schwettman
II Specialized Auxiliary Equipment
II.A Polarization Experiments
II.A. 1 Polarized Beams
W. Haeberli
II.A.2 Polarized Targets
P. Catillon
II.B On-Line Mass Separation
R. Klapisch
II.C Techniques for the Study of Short-Lived Nuclei
Ronald D. Macfarlane and William C. McHarris
xiii
xiv CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS
III Measurement of Charged Particle and Gamma Ray Spectra
III.A Semiconductor Radiation Detectors
Fred S. Goulding and Richard H. Pehl
III.B Large Nal Detectors
P. Paul
III.C Magnetic Detection of Charged Particles
D. L. Hendrie
III.D Semiconductor Detector Spectrometer Electronics
Fred S. Goulding and Donald A. Landis
III.E On-Line Computers in Nuclear Research
R. R. Borchers
PART B
IV Charged Particle Spectroscopy
IV.A Resonance Reactions
IV.A. 1 Cross-Section and Polarization Studies of Light Nuclei
A. D. Bacher
IV.A.2 Isobaric Analog Studies in Light Nuclei {A < 65)
G. M. Temmer
IV.A.3 Isobaric Analog Resonances in Heavy Nuclei
P. von Brentano and John G. Cramer
IV.B Direct Reactions Involving Light Ions
IV.B.l Elastic and Inelastic Scattering
F. G. Perey
IV.B.2 Transfer Reactions
M. H. Mac far lane and J. P. Schiffer
IV.B.3 Polarization in Inelastic Scattering and Transfer Reactions
Charles Glashausser
IV.C Heavy-Ion-Induced Reactions
IV.C.l Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Heavy Ions
R. H. Siemssen
CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS XV
IV.C.2 Single- and Multinucleon Transfer Reactions
W. von Oertzen
IV.D Specialized Reactions
IV.D.l Level Densities and Fluctuation Phenomena
A. Richter
IV.D.2 Reactions at Intermediate Energies: Baryon-Nucleus Collisions, 150 MeV-1 GeV
G.Igo
V Spectroscopy from Meson-Induced Reactions
V.A Muonic and Hadronic Atoms
D. K. Anderson and D. A. Jenkins
V.B Radiative Capture and Charge Exchange Reactions
Kenneth M. Crowe and Peter Truol
V.C Scattering and Direct Reactions
N. W. Tanner
VI Neutron Spectroscopy
VI.A Advances in Measurements of Neutron Spectra
Eberhard Finckh
VLB Charge Exchange Reactions
J. D. Anderson
VI.C Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions Observed in Neutron
Studies
Richard L. Walter
PART D
IX Theoretical Analysis
IX.A Models of Light Nuclei
M. Harvey and F. C. Khanna
xvi CONTENTS OF OTHER PARTS
IX.B Models of Heavy Nuclei
/. O. Rasmus sen
IX.C New Approaches in Resonance Reactions
D. Robson
IX.D Inelastic Scattering and Charge Exchange
V. A. Madsen
IX.E One- and Two-Nucleon Transfer Reactions
Norman K. Glendenning
VILA COULOMB EXCITATION
F. K. McGowan and P. H. Stetson
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY t
OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE
I. Introduction 4
A. Simple Picture of the Coulomb Excitation Mechanism 5
B. The Problem of the Coulomb Barrier 9
C. Methods for Detecting Coulomb Excitation 10
D. Relevance of Coulomb Excitation to Inelastic Electron
Scattering and to Muonic X-Ray Spectra 11
II. Relevant Aspects of the Theory of Coulomb Excitation 13
A. First-Order Perturbation Theory 14
B. Second-Order Perturbation Theory 16
C. Multiple Coulomb Excitation Theory 18
III. Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy 20
A. Gamma-Ray Spectrometers 20
B. Targets and Contaminant y Rays 23
C. Thick-Target Yields and Angular Distributions 23
D. Stopping Power S(E) 25
IV. Direct E2 and E3 Coulomb Excitation with Light Ions 27
V. Direct Gamma-Ray Spectra from Coulomb Excitation with Heavy
Ions 34
A. B(M 1) for Odd-,4 Deformed Nuclei 34
B. Doppler-Broadened y-Ray Line Shape 35
VI. Gamma-Ray Coincidence Spectroscopy 38
A. Direct E2 and E3 and Double E2 Excitation of Even-,4 Medium-
Weight Nuclei 38
B. Polarization-Direction Correlation and y-y{0) Correlations
following Coulomb Excitation 41
VII. Particle-y Coincidence Spectroscopy 42
A. Multiple Coulomb Excitation of Deformed Nuclei 42
t Operated by Union Carbide for the U.S. AEC.
3