Nuclear- and Radiochemistry, Volume 2: Modern Applications PDF
Preview Nuclear- and Radiochemistry, Volume 2: Modern Applications
FrankRösch(Ed.) Nuclear-andRadiochemistry Also of Interest Nuclear-andRadiochemistry. VolumeIntroduction FrankRösch, ISBN----,e-ISBN(PDF)----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- MacromolecularChemistry. NaturalandSyntheticPolymers MohamedElzagheid, ISBN----,e-ISBN----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- BioanalyticalChemistry. FromBiomolecularRecognitiontoNanobiosensing PaoloUgo,PietroMarafini,MartaMeneghello, ISBN----,e-ISBN----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- QuantumChemistry. AnIntroduction MichaelSpringborg,MeijuanZhou, ISBN----,e-ISBN----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- GreenChemistry. PrinciplesandDesigningofGreenSynthesis SyedKazimMoosvi,WaseemGulzarNaqash,Mohd.HaniefNajar, ISBN----,e-ISBN----, e-ISBN(EPUB)---- Nuclear- and Radiochemistry Volume 2: Modern Applications Edited by Frank Rösch 2nd, extended edition Editor Prof.Dr.FrankRösch InstituteofNuclearChemistry JohannesGutenbergUniversityMainz Fritz-Strassmann-Weg2 55128Mainz,Germany E-mail:[email protected] ISBN978-3-11-074267-1 e-ISBN978-3-11-074270-1 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-074279-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022938896 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2022WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Coverimage:ismagilov/iStock/GettyImagesPlus Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck www.degruyter.com Preface Veryshortlyafterthediscoveryof“radioactivity”,andmainlybecauseoftheimpact thenewlydiscoveredradioelementsradiumandpoloniumhadonnaturalsciences atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,MarieCurie,PierreCurieandErnestRutherford individually published the first books about radioactivity. In the preface to a book summarizinghis lectures(CurieP. Œuvres dePierre Curie.Publiéspar lessoins dela Sociétéfrançaisedephysique.Paris:Gauthier–Villars;1908,publishedposthumously), PierreCurienoted […]thatradioactivity,althoughmainlyconnectedtophysicsandchemistry,isnotaliento otherareasofscienceandisgainingthereincreasingimportance.Thephenomenaofradioac- tivityaresomanifold,itsoccurrenceasmiscellaneousandasprevalentintheuniverse,thatit mustbeconsideredinallbranchesofnaturalscience,andinparticularinphysiology,ther- apy,meteorologyandgeology. Morethanacenturylater,thispredictionandvisiondefinitelyhasbecometrue!Ra- diationemitted fromnaturally occurring ormanmade unstable radionuclides,rou- tinelyproducedatlargescale,hasbecomeavitalandinmanycasesindispensable toolinresearchanddevelopment,intechnology,inindustryandinmedicine. Thistextbook isentitled NUCLEAR-ANDRADIOCHEMISTRY, VOLUME2:MOD- ERN APPLICATIONS and illustrates the most important directions; structured into several groups. The first group involves three chapters on material and geological analytics(neutronactivationanalyses,nuclearmassspectroscopy,andnucleardat- ing).Thesecondgroupcoversfourchaptersonchemistry(radioelementspeciation, radiochemicalseparations,radioactiveelements).Thethirdgroupisonnuclearen- ergyandnuclearenergyplants.Groupfourinthreechapterscoversapplicationsof radioactivityinlifesciences(tritiumandcarbon-14labelingforinvitrostudies,mo- leculardiagnosticimaginginvivo,andendo-radiationtherapy). Theapplicationofradioactivityforvariouspurposesisparalleledbytheuseofan impressive number of differentradionuclideswith– in many cases – extraordinarily highradioactivity,eitheraddressingtheirproduction,separation,analyticsorapplica- tions. Consequently, there isanurgent demandfor adequate radiation measurement andforunderstandingbiologicaleffectsofradiation,ultimatelyexpressedintermsof radiation doses delivered to personnel and patients. Thus, the book starts with one furthergroup of twoindividualchapters on radiationmeasurementand radiation dosimetry. Alltheimplementationsofradioactivitytodayrepresenttheessentialimpactra- dioactivityhasonsomanyimportantfields.Nuclearpower,radioisotopeproduction, diagnosticandtherapeuticuseofradiopharmaceuticalshaveinmanycasesbecome everydayroutineandareindispensable.Radioanalyticaltechnologiesoccupyaunique position at the final frontier of low-sensitivity elemental, material, geological, and https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110742701-202 VI Preface astrophysical investigations. Onemay argue that there is no longera field of “radio- chemistry”or“nuclearchemistry”butradio-andnuclear“chemistries”. Consequently,animpressiveandsteadilyincreasingnumberofchemists,physi- cists, physicians, technologists, radiation safety personnel, and manyother profes- sionalsarehandlingavarietyofradionuclidesforverydifferentpurposes.Thisisthe reasonIbelievethatthepresentteachingbookmayserveasasourceformanypeo- ple–andforstudentsinterestedinthefascinatingtopicof“modernapplications”of radioactivity! This VOLUME2:MODERN APPLICATIONS completes the teaching book on NU- CLEAR-AND RADIOCHEMISTRY, withVOLUME 1:INTRODUCTION published byDe Gruyterin2014.Alsoin13chapters,Volume1discussedtheatom’sstructure,binding energiesand shellstructuresofnucleons, conceptand mathematicsofunstablenu- clei,primarytransformations(α,β,spontaneousfission),secondarytransformations andpost-effects,and,finally,nuclearreactionsasrelatedtoradionuclideproduction. ThereaderofthepresentvolumeisreferredtoVolume1forunderstandingthephe- nomena of radioactivity, in particular the origin of radioactive emissions, which in turnconstitutethebasictoolforMODERNAPPLICATIONSofradioactivity… Modern methods and applications of radio- and nuclear chemistry are ex- tremely versatile and thus each field deserves special attention. For me it is there- foreobviousthat(incontrasttoearliertextbooksonradio-andnuclearchemistry) thecomplexmattercannot becoveredadequatelybya singleauthor.Instead,itis the philosophy of this textbook that the 13 chapters are written by experts in each particularfield.Fortunately,notall,butthevastmajorityoftheseauthorshaveone thingincommon:theyare(forchapters3,7,9,and11)orwere(chapters6,10,and 11)staffmembersorPhDstudentsorare(forchapters4and5)long-timecollabora- tors of my institute, the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.I am extremely gratefulto allauthors for theircontri- butionsandpatience. Vichuquen,November2015|Mainz,July2016 FrankRösch Preface for the 2nd edition Nuclear and Radiochemistry is, compared to the many other chemistries, a rela- tivelyyoungbranchofthisfascinatingscience.WhenhistoricallyreferredtoMarie Curiésidentificationofradiumandthewordingradioactivityasintroducedbyher, nuclear and radiochemistry is about 120 years old (or young, if you wish). Within this period, significant knowledge has been gained and since the first edition of this teaching book, no fundamental changes occurred in respect to the basic con- tentofunstablenucleiandtheirtransformations. Incontrast,themanyapplicationsofradioactivityandunstablenucleiarecon- tinuously increasing – this is permanent “work in progress”. Accordingly, this 2nd edition represents an extended version of many chapters. Several corrections have beenmadeaswell.Iamgratefultoallthestudentsandcolleagueswhoaddedvalu- ablecomments. Vichuquen,December2021|Berlin,March2022 FrankRösch https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110742701-203 Contents Preface V Prefaceforthe2ndedition VII Listofcontributingauhtors XI AlbertoDelGuerraandDanielePanetta 1 Radiationmeasurement 1 WernerRühm 2 Radiationdosimetry 45 KlausEberhardt 3 Elementalanalysisbyneutronactivation:NAA 77 KlausWendt 4 Radioisotopemassspectrometry 101 HeinzGäggelerandSönkeSzidat 5 Nucleardating 137 ClemensWaltherandMichaelSteppert 6 Chemicalspeciationofradionuclidesinsolution 175 NorbertTrautmann,SteffenHappelandFrankRoesch 7 Radiochemicalseparations 225 NormanM.EdelsteinandLesterR.Morss 8 Radioelements:Actinides 287 ChristophE.Düllmann 9 Radioelements:Transactinides 327 GertLangrockandPeterZeh 10 Nuclearenergy 369 ThomasMoenius 11 Lifesciences:Isotopelabelingwithtritiumandcarbon-14 433 X Contents TobiasL.RossandFrankRoesch 12 Lifesciences:Nuclearmedicinediagnosis 471 CathyS.Cutler 13 Lifesciences:Therapy 561 Symbolsandabbreviations 613 Index 625
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