Novel Radar Techniques and Applications, Volume 1: Real Aperture Array Radar, Imaging Radar, and Passive and Multistatic Radar

952 Pages·2017·42.42 MB·English

Novel Radar Techniques
and Applications
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Novel Radar Techniques
and Applications
Volume 1: Real Aperture Array Radar, Imaging
Radar, and Passive and Multistatic Radar
Edited by
Richard Klemm
Volume 1 Editors
Part I: Real aperture array radar
Ulrich Nickel
Fraunhofer FKIE, Germany
Part II: Imaging radar
Christoph Gierull
DRDC, Canada
Part III: Passive and multistatic radar
Pierfrancesco Lombardo
University of Rome, Italy
SciTech Publishing
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2018
Firstpublished2017
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ISBN978-1-61353-225-6(HardbackVolume1)
ISBN978-1-61353-227-0(PDFVolume1)
ISBN978-1-61353-226-3(HardbackVolume2)
ISBN978-1-61353-228-7(PDFVolume2)
ISBN978-1-61353-229-4(HardbackVolume1&2)
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Contents
Preface toVolumes1and2 xvii
Volume1EditorBiographies xix
ListofAuthors xxiii
ListofReviewers xxv
Part I Real aperture array radar 1
Introductionto real aperture array radar 3
Ulrich Nickel
Reference 5
1 Target parameter estimation andarray features 7
Ulrich Nickel
Abstract 7
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Basic concepts and results of array antennas 9
1.2.1 Plane wave at single frequency 10
1.2.2 Band-limited signals 11
1.2.3 Narrowband and broadbandbeamforming 12
1.2.4 Difference beamforming and monopulse estimation 13
1.3 Design factors for arrays 15
1.3.1 Influence of element patterns 20
1.3.2 Thinned arrays 20
1.3.3 Arrays with sub-arrays 22
1.3.4 Space-time arrays 31
1.4 Array accuracy requirements 32
1.4.1 IQ-de-modulation errors 32
1.4.2 Bandpass filter errors 35
1.4.3 AD-converter limitation 36
1.5 Antenna pattern shaping 37
1.6 Adaptive interference suppression 40
1.6.1 Adaptive beamforming principles 40
1.6.2 Estimation of adaptive weights 46
1.6.3 Determination of the dimension of jammer sub-space
(dimJSS) 51
1.6.4 Other aspects of implementation 53
vi Novel radartechniques andapplications –volume 1
1.7 Parameter estimation and super-resolution 57
1.7.1 Maximumlikelihoodestimation and monopulse 57
1.7.2 Super-resolution 59
1.7.3 Super-resolution applied to sub-arrays 65
1.7.4 Super-resolution combined with adaptive interference
suppression 66
1.7.5 Adaptive target number determination 66
1.8 Extension to space-time arrays 69
1.9 Embedding of array processing into full radar data processing 70
1.9.1 Adaptive monopulse 70
1.9.2 Adaptive detection 76
1.9.3 Adaptive tracking 83
1.10 Conclusionsand final remarks 88
Acknowledgements 90
List of symbols and functions 91
List of acronyms 92
References 93
2 Robustdirect datadomain processing for MTI 99
Diego Cristallini, Wolfram Bu¨rgerand Richard Klemm
Abstract 99
2.1 Introduction 100
2.2 Notation and signal model 102
2.3 Robust D3-STAP 105
2.3.1 RD3-STAPwith dimension reducing transformations 107
2.4 Results of RD3-STAP 111
2.4.1 Simulative case study 111
2.4.2 Applicationof RD3-STAPfilter to real data 113
2.5 Applicationsof RD3-STAP 119
2.5.1 RD3-STAPfilter in the SAR-GMTIcase 119
2.5.2 Target DOAestimation withRD3-STAP 127
2.6 Conclusions 131
2.7 Glossary 131
References 132
3 Array radar resource management 135
Alexander Charlish andFotios Katsilieris
Abstract 135
3.1 Management architecture 135
3.2 Task management 137
3.2.1 Search management 137
3.2.2 Confirmation management 148
3.2.3 Track management 149
Contents vii
3.3 Priority assignment 159
3.3.1 Rule-based assignment 159
3.3.2 Fuzzy logic 160
3.4 Scheduling 161
3.4.1 Queue schedulers 161
3.4.2 Frame-based schedulers 162
3.4.3 Comparison of schedulers 162
3.5 Summary 165
Glossary 166
References 166
Part II Imagingradar 173
Introductionto imagingradar 175
Christoph H.Gierull
Onset 175
Twentieth century 175
Twenty-first century 176
Outlook 180
Acknowledgement 181
References 181
4 VideoSARimagingfor real-time persistentsurveillance 183
Anthony Damini,Richard W. Linderman and Dennis Fitzgerald
Abstract 183
4.1 Introduction 184
4.2 VideoSAR imaging 186
4.2.1 Image formation theory 186
4.2.2 Back-projectionfor VideoSAR image formation 189
4.2.3 Non-coherent integration of back-projected images 192
4.2.4 Image ambiguities 196
4.2.5 Autofocusconsiderations 198
4.3 Change detection 199
4.3.1 Background 199
4.3.2 Amplitude change detection 202
4.3.3 Coherent change detection 202
4.4 Real-time VideoSARimplementation 211
4.4.1 Challenges mapping core VideoSAR algorithms
onto GPGPUs 212
4.4.2 System overview 214
4.4.3 High-speed data acquisition 214
4.4.4 High-performance computer 215
4.4.5 SARimage formation software 216
4.4.6 VideoSARvisualization 217
viii Novel radartechniques and applications –volume 1
4.4.7 Image compression and scaling 217
4.4.8 VideoSARGUI 217
4.5 Summaryand outlook 219
List of acronyms and abbreviations 220
References 220
5 High-resolution wide-swathSAR 223
IshuwaSikaneta and Delphine Cerutti-Maori
Abstract 223
5.1 Introduction 224
5.1.1 The swath-resolution trade-off 224
5.1.2 Approaches to improving the swath to resolution ratio 225
5.1.3 Outlineof the chapter 226
5.2 Under-sampled SARsignals 227
5.2.1 Note onnotation 228
5.2.2 The multi-channel signal as a superposition of vectors 229
5.2.3 Uniform spatial sampling 230
5.2.4 Uniform spatial sampling with an across-track
baseline for a narrowband system 232
5.2.5 Uniform spatial sampling with an across-track
baseline for a widebandsystem 233
5.2.6 Non-uniform spatial sampling 233
5.2.7 Section summary 236
5.3 SARsignal model 237
5.3.1 Scene measurement throughmultiple antenna patterns 238
5.3.2 Demodulation 239
5.3.3 Space-based SAR–orbital motion 239
5.3.4 Relation between the look vector and the velocity vector 243
5.3.5 Stationary phase solution 244
5.3.6 SARprocessingwith adequate sampling 245
5.3.7 Narrowbandapproximation 246
5.3.8 Section summary 249
5.4 Multi-channel processingfor HRWS 249
5.4.1 Matrix-vector model for the aliased signal 249
5.4.2 Acost function for HRWSprocessing 250
5.4.3 Section summary 253
5.5 Multiple channels from sub-arrays 254
5.5.1 Uniform phased-array antenna configuration 255
5.5.2 Uniform phased-array for yaw-steered systems
with no moving targets 255
5.5.3 Simulation 256
5.5.4 Example of HRWSdata and signal processing 256
5.5.5 Section summary 258
5.6 Chapter summary 258
5.A.1 Simplification of the signal model for narrowband
systems 259
Contents ix
5.A.2 Minimization of the cost function 261
References 261
6 SARinterferometry 265
AndreaMonti-Guarnieri, Fabio Rocca and Stefano Tebaldini
Abstract 265
6.1 Introduction 265
6.2 InSARgeneralities 266
6.3 Digital elevation models (DEM)from the interferometric phase 268
6.4 Phase unwrapping and DEM generation 270
6.5 Coherence: the temporal stability of the targets 272
6.6 Baselines, coherence and wavenumber shift 276
6.7 Co-registration 279
6.8 Terrain motion measurement throughthe interferometric phase 281
6.9 The atmospheric contribution to the interferometric phase 282
6.10 Other phase noise sources 285
6.11 Multipass methodologies: persistent scatterers and small baseline 287
6.12 3Ddisplacement measurements 289
6.13 Applications of differential InSAR:land subsidence and
infrastructure monitoring 290
6.13.1 Infrastructure monitoring 292
6.14 SARtomographyof penetrable media 293
6.14.1 TomoSARimaging principles 293
6.14.2 Real data processing 296
6.14.3 Applications 297
6.14.4 Polarimetric SARtomography 297
6.15 The future of InSAR 300
Acronyms 303
References 304
7 Space-based SARgroundmoving target indication 313
Christoph H.Gierull, IshuwaSikaneta andDelphine Cerutti-Maori
Abstract 313
7.1 Introduction 314
7.1.1 Background 314
7.1.2 Adding MTIon space-borne SAR 315
7.1.3 MODEXon RADARSAT-2 315
7.2 Classic imaged-basedSAR-GMTI 317
7.2.1 SARdisplaced phase centre antenna 318
7.2.2 SARalong-track interferometry 321
7.2.3 Strong non-homogeneous clutter 323
7.3 Coherent multichannel SAR-GMTI 327
7.3.1 Spatial diversity via aperture switching and toggling 327
7.3.2 Imaging STAP(iSTAP) 330