Nonlinear Optics and Photonics

687 Pages·2015·99.12 MB·english

by  He

NONLINEAR OPTICS AND PHOTONICS

Nonlinear Optics and Photonics
Guang S. He
StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo
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To
mywifeLan,
mydaughterKatherineandherhusbandStephen,
andmygrandchildren
Emma,Joshua,Kate,Colette,andAdelyn

Preface
In this book, the author intends to provide a comprehensive presentation on most of the major
topics in nonlinear optics and photonics, and to emphasize equally the principles, experiments,
techniquesandapplications.
Chapters1to10presentthefundamentalsofmodernnonlinearoptics,andcouldthereforebe
adoptedasatextbookwithproblemsgivenattheendofeachchapter.Chapters11to17coverthe
advancedtopicsoftechniquesandapplicationsofnonlinearopticsandphotonics,whichmayalso
bebeneficialtosomeresearchersandexperts.Thisbookalsoincludes16colorpagesofselected
photographstoillustratesometypicalnonlinearopticaleffectsandphenomena.
Partofthisbook(Chapters2–5and18)isbasicallythesameasthatoriginallywrittenbythe
authorinapreviousbook(G.S.HeandS.H.Liu,PhysicsofNonlinearOptics,WorldScientific,
1999); Chapters 6–11 are rewritten and updated; Chapters 12–17 are entirely new chapters
dealingwiththelatestprogressandachievementsinnonlinearopticsandphotonics.
As the author of this book, I am grateful to Prof. P. N. Prasad, the executive director of the
Institute of Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, the State University of New York at Buffalo,
forhislong-term(almostthreedecades)supportofmyresearchactivity.IamalsothankfultoDr.
C.Y-CLee(AirForceOfficeofScientificResearch)forhisencouragementofmyresearchefforts.
Inmyresearchcareer,Ihavebenefitedfromthecollaborationandinteractionwithmanytal-
entedcolleaguesandoutstandingscientists.Forthisreason,IwouldliketothankDr.L.-S.Tan,
Prof. H. Ågren, Prof. M. Samoc, Prof. R. W. Boyd, Prof. Y. R. Shen, Prof. I. C. Khoo, Prof.
Y.Cui,Prof.D.L.Andrews,Prof.M.T.Swihart,Dr.A.Baev,andProf.S.H.Liu.Ialsowantto
expressmygratitudetoDr.Y.ShenandProf.Q.D.Zhengforwritingsomeimportantsections,
and to Prof. S. Y. Tian who critically read the entire manuscript and provided many necessary
corrections.Finally,theadvicereceivedfromS.AdlungandtheassistancefromDr.J.ZhuandJ.
Whitearegreatlyappreciated.
TheInternationalSystemsofUnits(SI)isadoptedthroughoutthisbookforallformulations.
GuangS.He
Buffalo,NewYork
September2014
Email:[email protected]
[email protected]

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Conventionalopticsandnonlinearoptics 1
1.2 Majortopicsofnonlinearopticsandphotonics 3
1.3 Characterizationofintensecoherentopticalfield 7
1.3.1 Intensityandbrightness 7
1.3.2 Spatialandtemporalcoherence 8
1.3.3 Photonmodeanddegeneracy 9
1.4 Twotheoreticalregimes 10
1.4.1 Semiclassicaltheory 10
1.4.2 Quantumtheoryofradiation 11
1.5 Applicabilityofthetwotheoriesinnonlinearopticsandphotonics 13
2 NonlinearPolarizationofanOpticalMedium 18
2.1 Opticalfield-inducedelectricpolarizationinamedium 18
2.2 Variousmechanismscausingnonlinearpolarizationinamedium 22
2.3 Manipulationofnonlinearsusceptibilities 23
2.4 Basicpropertiesofnonlinearsusceptibilities 25
2.4.1 Relativemagnitudeofvariousordersofsusceptibilities 25
2.4.2 Spatial-symmetryrestrictionsonsusceptibilities 25
2.4.3 Resonanceenhancementofsusceptibilities 26
2.4.4 Permutationsymmetryofsusceptibilities 26
2.4.5 Complexconjugationandtime-reversalsymmetryofsusceptibilities 27
2.5 Nonlinearcoupled-waveequations 27
2.6 Complexexpressionsofopticalwavefields 30
3 Second-OrderNonlinear(Three-Wave)FrequencyMixing 33
3.1 Second-harmonicgeneration(SHG) 33
3.1.1 QuantumdescriptionofthemechanismofSHG 33
3.1.2 SemiclassicaldescriptionofSHG 35
3.1.3 NonlinearcrystalsforSHG 39
3.1.4 SHGdevices 42
3.2 Opticalsum-anddifference-frequencygeneration 43
3.2.1 Opticalsum-frequencygeneration 43
3.2.2 Opticaldifference-frequencygeneration 45
3.2.3 Experimentalsetupsforopticalsum-anddifference-frequencygeneration 47
3.3 Opticalparametricamplificationandoscillation 47
3.3.1 Generaldescription 47
3.3.2 Solutionsofcoupled-waveequations 49
3.3.3 Experimentaldevices 51