Non-accelerator Particle Physics

531 Pages·2008·23.33 MB·English

Non-accelerator Particle Physics
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Non-accelerator Particle Physics
H V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus
Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik
He id e1 b e rg
and
A Staudt
Bayer AG
Leverkusen
Translated by S S Wilson
Institute of Physics Publishing
Bristol and Philadelphia
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
3 H V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and A Staudt 1995
English translation @ IOP Publishing Ltd 1995
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its agreement with the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals.
British LiDrarJ-C atalogi(irig-iti-PiiblicatioriD ata
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 7503 0305 0 hardback
0 7503 0502 9 paperback
Libran, ($ Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available
Simultaneous German edition. Teilchenphysik ohne Beschleuniger, published by
B G Teubner GmbH, Stuttgart
Consultant Editors for Institute of Physics Publishing: Professor Euan Squires,
University of Durham, and Dr Brian Foster, University of Bristol
First published 1995 (hardback)
Reprinted with corrections 1998 (paperback)
Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of
Physics, London
Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE,
UK
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Typeset in T S u sing the IOP Bookmaker Macros
Printed in the UK by J W Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Con tents
Preface to the English edition xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Modern Elementary Particle Theories
1.1 The elementary constituents of matter
1.1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.2 Leptons and quarks
1.1.3 Antiparticles
1.1.4 Construction of the hadrons from quarks
1.2 The elementary interactions
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 The concept of interaction in modern quantum field
theories 6
1.2.3 The range of an exchange interaction 9
1.2.4 Phenomenology of the known interactions 12
1.3 Symmetries and invariances 16
1.3.1 Symmetry operations in modern physics 16
1.3.2 Models for a T and CP violation 21
1.4 Gauge theories and the standard model 26
1.4.1 Introduction 26
1.4.2 The gauge principle 26
1.4.3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking 32
1.4.4 The Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model 36
1.4.5 The strong interaction 39
1.4.6 The SU(3)c xSU(2)LxU(1g) up - the standard model 40
1.5 Models of grand unification 42
1.5.1 Motivation for GUTS 42
1 S.2 Effective coupling constants 43
1.5.3 The SU(5) model 47
1.5.4 The SO(10) model 48
V
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
v1 Contents
1.5.5 Supersymmetric GUT models 50
1 S.6 Superstrings 53
1.6 The description of neutrinos 53
1.6.1 Parity and charge conjugation for neutrinos 54
1.6.2 Dirac and Majorana description 56
1.6.3 The physical neutrino mass 59
1.6.4 Neutrinos in GUT models 60
1.7 Outlook 63
2 Accelerator Particle Physics 67
2.1 Energy scales of current and future accelerators 68
2.1.1 LEP (Large Electron Positron ring) 76
2.1.2 SLC (Stanford Linear Collider), NLC (Next Linear Collider) 77
2.1.3 HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Anlage) 80
2.1.4 LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 82
2.1.5 ssc (Superconducting Super Collider) 83
2.1.6 Accelerators around the year 2000 83
2.2 Physics at the accelerators of the 1990s and the early 2000s 84
2.2.1 'Tests of the standard model by LEP and SLC 91
os
2.3 Outlook: accelerator and non-accelerator experiments 1
3 The Early Universe and Particle Physics 108
3.1 The cosmological standard model 108
3.2 Inflationary models 115
3.3 The primordial nucleosynthesis 116
3.3. I Observed abundances of the primordial elements 1 I7
3.3.2 The course of the nucleosynthesis 1 I8
3.3.3 The number of neutrino flavours 122
4 Proton Decay 126
4.1 Baryon number 126
4.2 Theoretical predictions of the lifetime of the proton 128
4.2.1 Proton decay in the SU(5) model 128
4.2.2 Proton decay in supersymmetric GUT models 132
4.3 Proton decay experiments 133
4.3.1 Indirect detection 134
4.3.2 Direct detection 135
5 Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations, and Electric Dipole Moment
of the Neutron 149
5.1 Electric dipole moment of elementary particles 150
5.2 Experiments to measure the electric dipole moment of the
neutron 153
5.2.1 The principle of the measurements 153
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Con tents vii
5.2.2 The neutron mirror 154
5.2.3 Experiments on neutron beams 156
5.2.4 Experiments with stored neutrons 158
5.2.5 The 8 problem 161
5.2.6 The electric dipole moment of other particles 162
5.3 Neutron-antineutron oscillations 162
5.3.1 Introduction 162
5.3.2 The phenomenology of the nZ oscillations 165
5.3.3 Experiments on nTi oscillations 169
6 Experiments to Determine the Neutrino Mass 176
6.1 Direct determination of the neutrino mass in decay experiments 177
6.1.1 The nuclear B decay and the mass of the electron
neutrino 177
6.1.2 The 17 keV neutrino 198
6.1.3 The masses of the muon and the tau neutrino 202
6.2 Double-beta decay 204
6.2.1 Introduction 204
6.2.2 The various decay modes 207
6.2.3 Double-beta decay in the context of the grand unification
theories 212
6.2.4 The double-beta decay rates 217
6.2.5 Experiments on double-beta decay 232
6.2.6 The neutrino mixing in the OvBB decay 263
6.3 The supernova SN1987A 266
6.3.1 The neutrino decay 27 1
7 Neutrino Oscillations 276
7.1 Introduction to neutrino oscillations and their phenomenology 276
7.2 The formal theory 278
7.2.1 The mass matrix and particle mixing 27 8
7.2.2 Flavour oscillations 279
7.2.3 Average values over time 283
7.2.4 Neutrino oscillations and the principles of quantum
mechanics 283
7.2.5 Mixing of two neutrino flavours 285
7.3 Experiments on neutrino oscillations 288
7.3.1 The sensitivity of different experimental arrangements 288
7.3.2 Reactor experiments 290
7.3.3 Accelerator experiments 302
7.3.4 Experiments with solar neutrinos 305
7.3.5 The Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect 322
7.3.6 The magnetic moment of the neutrino 339
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
viii Contents
7.3.7 Neutrino decay 342
7.3.8 More recent experiments to detect solar neutrinos 342
7.3.9 Atmospheric neutrinos 35 1
8 Magnetic Monopoles 355
8.1 Introduction, historical overview 355
8.2 Theoretical concepts of magnetic monopoles 356
8.2.1 The symmetry of the Maxwell equations 356
8.2.2 The Dirac quantization condition 358
8.2.3 GUT monopoles 363
8.2.4 The abundance of magnetic monopoles in the universe 366
8.3 Principles for the detection of magnetic monopoles 3 69
8.3.1 Induction techniques 369
8.3.2 Interaction of monopoles with matter 372
8.4 Experimental results 374
8.4.1 The search for Dirac monopoles 374
8.4.2 The search for GUT monopoles 375
9 The Search for Dark Matter in the Universe 384
9.1 Evidence for the existence of dark matter 3 86
9.1.1 Galaxy rotation curves 386
9.1.2 The dynamics of galaxy clusters 39 1
9.1.3 Evidence from cosmology 392
9.2 Candidates for dark matter 395
9.2.1 The cosmological constant, MOND theory,
time-dependent gravitational constant 395
9.2.2 Baryonic dark matter 397
9.2.3 Non-baryonic dark matter 398
9.3 Experiments to detect dark matter 406
9.3.1 Experiments to detect the axion 407
9.3.2 The detection of WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive
Particles) 410
9.3.3 Search for quark nuggets (nuclearites) 416
10 Particles with a Fractional Charge 417
10.1 The quark confinement 417
10.2 Experiments to search for free quarks 418
10.2.1 Millikan's experiment 418
10.2.2 The search for free quarks at accelerators 420
10.2.3 The search in the cosmic radiation 4 20
10.2.4 The search for particles with a fractional charge in
matter 424
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Contents ix
11 Fifth Force: Theoretical Expectations and Experimental Status 432
1 1 .1 Introduction 432
1 1.2 Theoretical expectations 432
1 1.2.1 The equivalence principle 433
1 1.2.2 The Yukawa potential in boson-exchange models 435
1 1.2.3 Baryon-number-dependent fifth force 438
1 1.2.4 Quantum theories of gravity 439
1 1.3 The experimental search for a fifth force 44 1
1 1.3.1 The geophysical window 44 1
1 1.3.2 Verification of the 1/ r2l aw 442
11.3.3 Substance dependence of gravity 447
12 Time Dependence of Natural Constants 461
12.1 Introduction 46 1
12.2 Theoretical predictions 465
12.3 Experiments to search for the time dependence of natural
constants 469
12.3.1 The design of experiments 469
12.3.2 Experiments to determine current variations 470
12.3.3 Experiments relating to earlier variations 476
12.3.4 Closing remarks and outlook 484
Bibliography 486
Index 521
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Preface to the English edition
Many central questions of particle physics are beyond the capabilities of modern
accelerators. They can, however, to some extent be investigated via non-
accelerator experiments. These may be purely terrestrial laboratory experiments
or they may exploit some of the various connections of particle physics with
astrophysics, cosmology and the evolution of the universe. It is particularly
relevant to gain a better awareness of such experiments, and of the resulting
possibilities, at a time when elementary particle physics is now imposing
very extreme requirements on new generations of accelerators. The rapid
development and increasing importance of non-accelerator experiments in recent
years, in numerous underground laboratories and elsewhere, clearly speaks for
itself. In this book we review and discuss the most important of these advances
and their consequences for a better understanding of particle physics. In so
doing, we hope to fill a gap in the current literature.
Thus, the book also provides an insight into current aspects of modern
physics. Stemming from seminars at the University of Heidelberg, it is applicable
to undergraduate students of physics and to readers interested in topical questions
of modern physics and, in particular, in the close relationships between particle,
nuclear and astrophysics.
We are indebted to Dr Martin Hirsch (MPI, Heidelberg) and Dr kina
Krivosheina (Radiophysical Institute, Nishny Novgorod) for their critical
readings of the manuscript, to Dr Kai Zuber (University of Heidelberg) for
useful discussions, and to Professor Euan Squires (University of Durham) and Dr
Brian Foster (University of Bristol) for their reviews of the text and their useful
advice. We thank Frau Veronika Traeumer for her untiring technical assistance
in the generation of the figures, Dr Stephen S Wilson for his translation from the
German original, which has been published by B G Teubner GmbH, Stuttgart,
and Mr Jim Revill and Mr Martin Beavis of Institute of Physics Publishing for
their faithful collaboration in the publication of this English edition.
H V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus A Staudt
HeidelbergKologne, March 1995
xi
Copyright © 1995 IOP Publishing Ltd.