NJOKA ANTHONY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

151 Pages·2014·7.11 MB·English

TITLE PAGE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A WASTE RECOVERY PLANT IN GITHURAI 45 OPEN AIR
FARM PRODUCE MARKET

BY:
NJOKA ANTHONY
B65/3293/2010

PRESENTED TO:
PROF. GEORGE NJUGUNA NGUGI

A Planning Development Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the
Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Urban and Regional Planning
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
University of Nairobi
May, 2014
i.
DECLARATION
This is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other
University or any other institution of higher learning for examination.
…………………………… Date …………………….

Njoka Anthony
Reg. No: B65/3293/2010

This research report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the
University Supervisor
…………………………………… Date ……………………….

Prof George Njuguna Ngugi
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
University of Nairobi
ii.
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my late mother, Lucy Wanjiku Njoka who taught me the value of
fearing God, hard work, and perseverance through trying times. May the Lord rest her soul in
eternal peace.

iii.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to appreciate and thank the Department of Urban and Regional Planning of the University
of Nairobi for giving me an opportunity to take this course. I sincerely wish to express my
appreciation to my supervisor Prof. George Njuguna Ngugi for his immense support and
guidance throughout this research project without whom this project would not have been
completed. I also wish to appreciate the advice given to me by the Class Coordinators Mr.
Zachariah Maleche and Mr. C. D. Karisa, together with the support staff at the Department of
Urban and Regional Planning who facilitated the lecture sessions. Special gratitude goes to my
fellow students and the Lecturers who taught me throughout the entire course at the Department
of Urban and Regional Planning for their encouragements and support throughout the four years.
Thank you and may the good Lord bless you all.

iv.
ABSTRACT
Poor organic waste management in Githurai 45 open air farm produce market is due to among
other factors, the lack of an organic waste management plan for the market which is ultimately
due to the informality of the market which is as a result of lack of security of tenure and lack of a
spatial development plan for the market, which would provide a framework under which an
organic waste management plan for the market can be implemented. The result of poor organic
waste management in Githurai 45 open air farm produce market has been unsanitary working
and living conditions for the workers and for the residents who live nearby. It has also led to the
minimal reuse of organic waste which can be used in the generation of biogas as fuel and
compost as fertilizer.
The project strives to use an approach where implementation gradually moves from the whole to
the part by starting with the reorganization of the market space through the use of a newly
generated spatial plan. This is then followed by the establishment of an Organic Waste
Management Plan (OWMP) for the market. The final step in this project being the actual
establishment of the organic waste recovery plant as the final output for optimizing the reuse of
organic waste generated in the market place, in the form of biogas generation or compost
production.
The objectives set out to be achieved in this project included:
a) To spatially reorganize the market
b) To develop an Organic Waste Management Plan for the market
c) To establish an Organic Waste Recovery Plant for the market
d) To develop the project‟s implementation, monitoring and evaluation framework
e) To develop the institutional structures for the management of the market as well as
the waste recovery plant
The design process entailed a series of steps including problem identification (through a prior
research project undertaken by the same author), a detailed situational analysis and
interpretation, design of alternative proposals and choice of the preferred alternative. A detailed
framework for project implementation, monitoring and evaluation is also incorporated.

v.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF PLATES .............................................................................................................................................. x
LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................................................ x
LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 12
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Planning Research Project ................................................................................................................ 12
1.3 Summary of the main findings of the planning research project ..................................................... 12
1.3.1 Encroachment of the road and railway reserves by the market ............................................... 12
1.3.2 Informal and rapid growth of the market .................................................................................. 13
1.3.3 Poor access to the market and reduced mobility within the market ........................................ 13
1.3.4 The absence of a formal waste management system for the market ....................................... 14
1.4 Summary of the main recommendations of the planning research project .................................... 14
1.4.1 Development of a Physical Development Plan for the market .................................................. 15
1.4.2 Development of an Organic Waste Management Plan (OWMP) for the market ...................... 15
1.4.3 Establishment of an organic waste recovery plant for the market ........................................... 15
1.5 Statement of development project title ........................................................................................... 15
1.6 Rationale for the choice of the development project ...................................................................... 16
1.6.1 Choice of the approach of implementing the project ............................................................... 17
1.7 Location and area coverage of the development project ................................................................ 18
1.8 Objectives of the development project ............................................................................................ 20
1.9 Assumptions of the development project ........................................................................................ 20
1.10 Scope of the development project ................................................................................................. 20
vi.
1.11 Organization of project report chapters ......................................................................................... 21
1.12 Development project methodology ................................................................................................ 22
1.12.1 Data needs and requirements ................................................................................................. 22
1.12.2 Methods of data collection ...................................................................................................... 26
1.12.3 Methods of data analysis ......................................................................................................... 29
1.12.4 Methods of data presentation ................................................................................................. 29
1.12.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 37
1.12.6 Definition of key terms and concepts ...................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................ 40
2.0 REVIEW OF POLICY GUIDELINES ........................................................................................................... 40
2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2 International policies ........................................................................................................................ 40
2.2.1 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ................................................................................... 40
2.2.2 Agenda 21 .................................................................................................................................. 40
2.3 National policies ................................................................................................................................ 41
2.3.1 Kenya Vision 2030 ...................................................................................................................... 41
2.3.2National Land Policy .................................................................................................................... 41
2.4 Legal Regulatory Guidelines .............................................................................................................. 42
2.4.1 The Constitution of Kenya .......................................................................................................... 42
2.4.2 The County Government Act ..................................................................................................... 42
2.4.3 Physical Planning Act ................................................................................................................. 43
2.4.4 Land Acquisition Act ................................................................................................................... 43
2.4.5 Public Health Act ........................................................................................................................ 43
2.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety Act .......................................................................................... 43
2.4.7 Environmental Management and Coordination Act .................................................................. 44
2.5 Planning and design standards ......................................................................................................... 44
2.5.1 Planning and Building Regulations of 2009................................................................................ 44
2.5.2 Guidelines for Human Settlement and Design for South Africa ................................................ 45
2.5.3 Factors to consider when reorganizing an open air farm produce market ............................... 51
2.5.4 Factors to consider when generating a waste management plan ............................................. 51
2.5.5 Factors to consider when establishing a waste recovery plant ................................................. 55
2.6 Case studies ...................................................................................................................................... 55
vii.
2.6.1 Foreign Case Studies .................................................................................................................. 55
2.6.2 Local Case Studies ...................................................................................................................... 62
2.6.3 Summary of lessons learnt from the case studies and their application to the project ........... 79
2.7 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 84
3.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 84
3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 84
3.2 Locational context of the project area .............................................................................................. 84
3.3 Background of the project area ........................................................................................................ 86
3.4 Site analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 86
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 96
4.0 PROJECT PLANNING, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................ 96
4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 96
4.2 Guiding Principles ............................................................................................................................. 96
4.3 Expected Outputs and Outcomes of the Development Project ....................................................... 98
4.4 Planning and design process ............................................................................................................. 99
4.5 Project Implementation Schedule .................................................................................................. 126
4.6 Indicative Project Implementation Matrix ...................................................................................... 127
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 133
5.0 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ........................................................................................................ 133
5.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 133
5.2 Monitoring and evaluation stages in the implementation of the project ...................................... 133
5.3 Guidelines for the implementation process ................................................................................... 139
5.4 Site/Environmental Management Plan ........................................................................................... 141
6.0 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 143
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 144
8.0 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................. 146
APPENDIX 1: Research Authentication Letters ..................................................................................... 146
APPENDIX 2: Revenue Collection Framework for Kiambu County in Markets ..................................... 148
APPENDIX 3: Letter showing conditions set by NEMA for the operation of a dumping site ................ 149
APPENDIX 4: Observation List ............................................................................................................... 150

viii.
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Data Needs Matrix .......................................................................................................... 30
Table 2: Level of service ................................................................................................................ 50
Table 3: Context of composting by the Women's Group Lilongwe .............................................. 58
Table 4: Pros and cons of Women's Group Lilongwe CBO ........................................................... 61
Table 5: Context of ECoH Holdings Ltd in Nairobi ........................................................................ 62
Table 6: Pros and cons of ECoH Holdings Ltd in Nairobi ............................................................... 64
Table 7: Set-up and technical performance of the three ARTI biogas digesters .......................... 67
Table 8: Average annual cooking fuel expenditure ...................................................................... 70
Table 9: Payback period for the household and institutional ARTI units ..................................... 70
Table 10: Revenue base from compost sales in 2009 .................................................................. 77
Table 11: Population dynamics in Githurai 45 .............................................................................. 88
Table 12: Expected outputs and outcomes of the project ........................................................... 98
Table 13: Evaluation of alternatives ........................................................................................... 103
Table 14: Choice of preferred alternative................................................................................... 104
Table 15: Current Land Use......................................................................................................... 107
Table 16: Land Use Suitability ..................................................................................................... 107
Table 17: Proposed Land use ...................................................................................................... 108
Table 18: Demand for parking space and loading bay ............................................................... 113
Table 19: Project Implementation Schedule .............................................................................. 126
Table 20: Indicative Project Implementation Matrix .................................................................. 127
Table 21: Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Matrix .................................................. 134
Table 22: Site/Environmental Management Plan ....................................................................... 141

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Levels of service ........................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 2: Waste collection route alternatives ............................................................................................. 49
Figure 3: Thermal Hydrolysis Process flow for biogas production.............................................................. 56
Figure 4: 3D model of a biogas plant .......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 5: Graph showing temperature effect on gas production ............................................................... 69
Figure 6: process flow for the handling of organic waste ........................................................................... 73
Figure 7: Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................................ 82
Figure 8: Implementation process of the conceptual framework .............................................................. 83
Figure 9: Dimensions of stalls, market administrative blocks and public toilets ...................................... 111
Figure 10: Proposed Spatial Plan for the market ...................................................................................... 114
Figure 11: 3D model of the spatial plan .................................................................................................... 115
Figure 12: Circulation within the market .................................................................................................. 116
Figure 13: Electricity distribution in Githurai market ............................................................................... 117
ix.
Figure 14: Water & Sewer lines in Githurai market .................................................................................. 118
Figure 15: Dimensions of stalls, administrative blocks and public toilets ................................................ 119
Figure 16: Part Plan of the market ............................................................................................................ 120
Figure 17: 3D impression of stalls and space use ..................................................................................... 121
Figure 18: Model of an Organic Waste Management Plan ....................................................................... 122
Figure 19: Alternative concepts for the organic waste recovery plant .................................................... 123
Figure 20: Functional linkage between the market and the waste recovery plant .................................. 124

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Women composting in Lilongwe ..................................................................................... 60
Plate 2: ARTI plastic floating drum module technology ............................................................... 66
Plate 3: Composting in Nakuru ..................................................................................................... 75
Plate 4: Value-added compost product ........................................................................................ 76
Plate 5: Women working in NAWACOM processing site .............................................................. 78

LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Location of the development project site ........................................................................ 19
Map 2: Locational Context Map ................................................................................................... 85
Map 3: Land Use Map ................................................................................................................... 91
Map 4: Map showing existing land use dynamics on the development site ................................ 92
Map 5: Map showing main access route to the site ..................................................................... 94

x.