New Testament Studies, Volume 57, Number 2 (April 2011) PDF
Preview New Testament Studies, Volume 57, Number 2 (April 2011)
0028–6885 | volume 57 | number 2 | april 2011 N E W T E S TAM E N T S TU D I E S Published quarterly in association with studiorum novi testamenti societas NEW TESTAMENT Published under the auspices of Studiorum Novi Testamenti STUDIES Societas While reviews are not published in this journal, the October issue carries a Books Received list of books received in the previous year. Review copies should be sent to the Editor. Subscriptions EDITOR OF NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES J. M. G. Barclay New Testament Studies(issn0028–6885) is published four (Durham, England) times a year in January, April, July and October. Four parts form a volume. The subscription price which includes delivery by Editorial Board air where appropriate plus electronic access to institutional J. N. Aletti (Rome, Italy) subscribers, (but excluding vat) of volume 57is £145(us$266 D. Allison (Pittsburgh Seminary, PA, USA) in usa, Canada and Mexico) for institutions and£46(us$76in F. 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The journal welcomes submissions Cambridge or the American Branch of Cambridge employing any such methods, such as exegetical, historical, University Press. literary-critical, sociological, hermeneutical and theological www.cambridge.org/uk/information/rights approaches to the New Testament, including studies that employ gender, ethnicity or ideology as categories of analysis, Internet Access and studies in its history of interpretation and effects. Information on New Testament Studiesand all other Scholars who wish to publish in New Testament Studies but Cambridge journals can be accessed via are not able to compose academic material in one of the three www.journals.cambridge.org languages used by the Journal (English, German and French) are advised to contact the editor, Professor John Barclay [email protected], to seek advice regarding the possible translation of their work into one of these languages. ©Cambridge University Press 2011 NewTest.Stud.,pp.–.©CambridgeUniversityPress, doi:10.1017/S0028688510000317 In Memoriam: Rev. Professor Robin McL. Wilson and Professor Graham N. Stanton Duringthepastshortwhile,twoformereditorsofNewTestamentStudies, whobothalsobecamePresidentsofSNTS,havesadlypassedaway,anditisfitting heretopaytributetothemfortheirveryextensiveservicetotheJournalandtothe Societytowhichitisattached. Robert (Robin) McLachlan Wilson, who spent his entire academic career (–) at St. Andrew’s University, Scotland, was a close friend of his col- league Matthew Black, who was the founding editor of NTS from –. Robin Wilson gave considerable editorial assistance to Matthew Black from early on, becoming ‘review editor’ from , then ‘associate editor’ from . After serving as ‘acting editor’ in – he then inherited the role of editor in ,in which hecontinued through tohis retirement in.In those days editing the Journal also involved editorship of the SNTS Monograph Series, and hemanagedbothtaskswithexemplarycareandattentionduringaverysuccessful period of growth. He was renowned for his attention to detail, his phenomenal breadth of knowledge, his linguistic expertise, and his helpfulness to authors. Late into his retirement he selflessly offered his assistance to subsequent editors,andno-onecouldofferwiserormoreperceptiveadvice.Thehighrepu- tationenjoyedbytheJournalandMonographSeriesowesmuchtothestandards set in those first formative decades, and Robin Wilson’s unobtrusive service to scholarship in this connection was of considerable significance. With regard to SNTS he served for many years on the Committee and Editorial Board (– ), and was President at the Rome meeting in . He died aged on June , and is remembered with great affection and enormous respect by his international circle of friends, colleagues, and students, as well as those manyauthorswhobenefitedfromhiseditorialcare. GrahamN.StantoncamefromNewZealandtotheUK,wherehestudiedfora PhD (under C. F. D. Moule) and then taught at King’s College London (– )and Cambridge (–) where he was Lady Margaret Professor. With a genius for organisation and the quiet negotiation of potential problems, Grahambecame Secretary ofSNTS (–)and then editor ofNTS and the Monograph Series, in succession to Robin Wilson, from till . His work-rate, his scholarly wisdom and his encouragement of junior scholars were legendary: somehow he juggled innumerable tasks with never-failing efficiency, JOHN BARCLAY and he took particular pleasure in seeing the work of up-and-coming scholars throughtopublication.Unfailinglycourteousandkind,hehelpedmanyscholars bearthedisappointmentofrejectionbymakingsuretheygotpositiveadvice,and hissuggestionsforrevisionandimprovementofmanuscriptswereofenormous value. As in his own publications, he set the highest standards of scholarship, to the benefit of us all. He became President of SNTS in (Strasbourg) and gave tirelessly of his time and energy to foster the work of the Society for many years thereafter. He died aged on July , after a long battle with cancer,buthisscholarship,hisgentlenessofspiritandhiswarmencouragement ofothersliveoninthememoryofallwhoknewhim,notleasthismanydoctoral students. JohnBarclay(currenteditor) NewTest.Stud.,pp.–.©CambridgeUniversityPress, doi:10.1017/S0028688510000305 The Female Body as Social Space in 1 Timothy ADELAYARBRO COLLINS 102Leete’sIslandRoad,Guilford,CT06437,USA. email:[email protected]. BymeansofhisreceptionofPaulandGenesis,theauthorofTimothycreateda social space in which the autonomy of women, including control of their own bodies, is severely limited. The purpose of such discourse was to oppose Marcion’srejectionofmarriageandprocreation.Theletterthusadvocatesmar- riageasavirtualrequirementforallChristians,especially‘theyoungerwidows’, who were probably virgins. Instead of propagating teaching and practices opposed by the author, these women ought to marry, bear children, and keep silent. The author shares certain values with elite Greeks, such as Plutarch, andwiththeChristianteacherValentinus.BesidesMarcion,theauthoralsocri- ticizes early gnostic teaching of the type found in the Secret Book according to John. Keywords:receptionofPaul,marriage,leadershipofwomen,Marcion,Apocryphonof John,Valentinus AnapparentpurposeofTimothyistoconstructasocialspaceinwhich each male and female has a proper place and a proper type of behavior. The resulting construction has far-reaching implications for the social control of femalebodies.Forthatreason,Iproposetoexaminethediscourseemployedin defining the proper, embodied behavior of women in this letter. I take for granted that Timothy is part of the history of the reception of the historical Paul and his letters. In examining the discourse of this letter, I focus on the instructionsregardingmarriageandtheleadershipofwomen. For the idea that space is socially and ideologically constructed, see David G. Horrell, ‘Disciplining Performance and “Placing” the Church: Widows, Elders and Slaves in the Household of God ( Tim ,–,)’, Timothy Reconsidered (ed. Karl Paul Donfried; Colloquium Oecumenicum Paulinum ; Leuven: Peeters, ) – and the literature cited in nn. –. See also Carol A. Newsom, The Self as Symbolic Space: Constructing IdentityandCommunityatQumran(STDJ;Leiden:Brill,). The classic study is P. N. Harrison, The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles (London: Oxford University,);seealsoMartinDibeliusandHansConzelmann,ThePastoralEpistles:A Commentary (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, ) –; Raymond F. Collins, Letters ADELA YARBRO COLLINS Asiswellknown,Paul’steachingonmarriageisnuanced.Ontheonehand,he valuedthesinglestateandthepracticeofcontinence,inhiswords,thepracticeof ἐκρατ1ύ1σθαι, of keeping one’s desires under control. On the other hand, he recognized that, as long as the present age endures, as long as those ‘in Christ’ are also ‘in the flesh’, they experience strong sexual desires. These desires are likely to lead to instances of sexual immorality. So everyone who does not have thegiftofsexualcontinencefromGodoughttomarry. Paul’s instructions regarding the leadership ofwomen are also balanced. He did not question the practice of women praying and prophesying in the context of gatherings of the community. Yet he employed readings of Genesis – in order to insist on maintaining socially constructed differences between males and females. The presentation of Christ as the head of every man, whereas the man is the head of (every) woman, suggests that the relationship of men to Christ is direct, while that of women is indirect. Similarly, (the) man is the imageandgloryofGod,whereasthewomanisthegloryof(the)man.Herethe relationship of men to God is direct, but that of women to God is mediated throughmen. ThesereadingsofGenesisareemployedtoadvocatethepractices ofwomencoveringtheirheadsandmennotcoveringtheirheadsincommunity that Paul did not Write: The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Pauline Pseudepigrapha (Wilmington: MichaelGlazier,) –.Jens Herzerarguesthat Timothy shouldbe understoodasaschool-pseudepigraphonthatservestosomedegreeasanidentitymarker; ‘Fiktion oder Täuschung? Zur Diskussion über die Pseudepigraphie der Pastoralbriefe’, PseudepigraphieundVerfasserfiktioninfrühchristlichenBriefen(ed.JörgFreyetal.;WUNT ; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, ) – [–]; see also Annette Merz, Die fiktive Selbstauslegung des Paulus: Intertextuelle Studien zur Intention und Rezeption der Pastoralbriefe (NTOA/SUNT ; Göttingen:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Fribourg:Academic, ); Timo Glaser, Paulus als Briefroman erzählt: Studien zum antiken Briefroman und seiner christlichen Rezeption in den Pastoralbriefen (NTOA/SUNT ; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ). Manabu Tsuji argues, in contrast, that all three Pastoral Letters are forgeries; ‘Persönliche Korrespondenz des Paulus: Zur Strategie der PastoralbriefealsPseudepigrapha’,NTS()–. Cor.–;seealsoCor.,–,–,.ForadiscussionoftheCorinthianpneumatics who valued sexual asceticism and Paul’s nuanced response, see Judith M. Gundry-Volf, ‘Controlling the Bodies: A Theological Profile of the Corinthian Sexual Ascetics ( Cor )’, The Corinthian Correspondence (ed. R. Bieringer; BEThL ; Leuven: Leuven University andPeeters,)–. Cor.–,;seealsoCor.,,. Cor.,. Cor.isareadingofGen.–ifHansConzelmanniscorrectthatPaul,inorderto serve his rhetorical purpose, substitutes the word κ1ϕαλή here for 1ἰκών. See Conzelmann, Corinthians: A Commentary (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, ; Germaned.)–,–. Cor.–appearstobeareadingofbothGen.–andGen.–. TheFemaleBodyasSocialSpaceinTimothy gatherings.Lestanyonemaketoomuchofthesereadings,however,Paulqualifies them by affirming that ‘in the Lord’ men and women are interdependent. Furthermore, the origin of woman from man in creation is balanced by the birthofmenfromwomensincethen.Finally,allaredependentonGod. Paul thus indirectly affirms the leadership of women in his discussion of praying and prophesying. In his argument, however, that in community gather- ingseverythingshouldbedoneinadecorousandorderlymanner,heeithercon- tradictshimselforrestrictsotherkindsofspeechbywomenintheassemblies:‘Let thewomenbesilentintheassemblies;foritisnotproperforthemtospeak;let themratherbesubordinated,justasthelawsays.Butiftheywishtolearnsome- thing,letthemasktheir(own)husbandsathome;foritisshamefulforawoman to speak in an assembly’. Some scholars have rightly argued that these verses about women dramatically disrupt the context and the flow of the argument. The hypothesis that a later editor added this statement is also supported by textual evidence. The author of Timothy, however, most likely knew this interpolationandaccepteditastheteachingofPaul. The instructions on marriage and the leadership of women in Timothy, in contrast, lack the nuance and balance that we have seen in Corinthians. The author has consistently chosen one side of Paul’s ‘both/and’ instructions and often intensified it. After showing that such is the case, I attempt to answer the questionwhyitisso. TheauthorofTimothyaffirmschastitybutdoesnotemphasizethevalueof sexualcontinence.Marriageisavirtualrequirementforallmembersoftheaudi- ence.Tobeappointedasanoverseer orbishop,amanmustbethehusbandof one wife. The rhetorical point is that he should not be divorced and remarried. Cor.–. Cor.–;quotationfromCor.–.AlltranslationsfromtheGreekNewTestament (NA)aremyown. E.g., Conzelmann, Corinthians, . He considered v. b to be part of the interpolated passagebutnotesthatothershavetakenitwiththeprevioussentence(n.). EvenifConzelmannisrightthatthetranspositionofvv.–tofollowv.insomemanu- scriptsisasecondarysimplification(Corinthians,n.),thisevidenceatleastconfirms theperceptionofsomemodernreadersthattheseversesdisruptthecontext. Somescholarsarguethatitwastheotherwayaround:theauthoroftheinterpolationused Tim.–informulatingthematerialinsertedintoCor:DennisR.MacDonald,The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon (Philadelphia, PA: Westminster,)–;RichardI.Pervo,TheMakingofPaul:ConstructionsoftheApostle inEarlyChristianity(Minneapolis:Fortress,)–.Foracriticalhistoryofscholarship, see Marlene Crüsemann, ‘Unrettbar frauenfeindlich: Der Kampf um das Wort von Frauen in Kor , (b) – im Spiegel antijudaistischer Elemente der Auslegung’, Von der Wurzel getragen: christlich-feministische Exegese in Auseinandersetzung mit Antijudaismus (ed. Luise Schottroff and Marie-Theres Wacker; Biblical Interpretation Series ; Leiden: Brill,)–. ADELA YARBRO COLLINS Widowerswhoaspiretotheofficeshouldnotremarry.Althoughmanymenand womeninancientGreek,Roman,andJewishcontextsremarried,lifelongmarital fidelitywaspraised,atleastonfunerarymonuments. Hereanunderstandingof chastity is advocated that emphasizes marriage rather than sexual continence. The centrality of marriage is clear in the argument that a man who governs his householdwell,keepinghis children under control, will alsobe able tomanage the congregation of God. Similarly, each deacon should be the husband of onewifeandmanagehischildrenandhouseholdwell. Itisclearthattheterms‘overseer’or‘bishop’and‘deacon’refertofixedroles in theleadershipofthecommunity. Theelders are alsofigures who govern, are compensated,andexerciseleadershipnotablyinproclaimingthewordandteach- ing.Thecontextsuggeststhattheyarealsoordainedinasense:Timothy,asPaul’s agent,‘layshands’uponthem. Itislessclearwhethertheword‘widows’referssimplytoasocialstatusortoa fixedroleinthecommunity.Careforthephysicalwelfareofwidowsintheearly church isattested byActs.-and advocated byJas ..Atsome point,this practicewascombinedwithavalueplacedonsexualcontinenceandadisvalue on marriage outside the community so that women who remained widows began tocompriseaspecialgroup within the community.They weresupported with money or goods and also honored for maintaining the single, continent status. Thehypothesisthattherewassuchafixedgroupofwidowsinthefirsthalfof thesecondcenturyissupportedbytextsroughlycontemporarywithTimothy. Carolyn Osiek and David L. Balch, Families in the New Testament World: Households and HouseholdChurches(Louisville:WestminsterJohnKnox,);SusanTreggiari,‘Divorce Roman Style: How Easy and How Frequent Was It?’, Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome (ed. Beryl Rawson; Canberra: Humanities Research Centre; Oxford: Clarendon, ) – [–]; Suzanne Dixon, The Roman Family (Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversityPress,)–,,–,.Thesamevalueisevident,bothformen andwomen,inJewishinscriptions;seeDibeliusandConzelmann,PastoralEpistles,,and n.. Tim.–.Cf.PlutarchConiugaliapraecepta(c). Tim.. Tim.,. Widowsseemtoconstituteafixedandwell-knowngroupalsoinActs.–;TuridKarlsen Seim,TheDoubleMessage:PatternsofGenderinLuke–Acts(Edinburgh:T.&T.Clark,) –. Seim,DoubleMessage,,–.InTim.and,theverbτιμάωisusedinsuchaway thatmonetarygiftsorgiftsinkindareimplied.Thisusage,however,maywellhaveincluded ‘honor’ofasocialkindaswell. IagreewithJensHerzerthatTimothyshouldbedatedtothefirsthalfofthesecondcentury; see his ‘Juden—Christen—Gnostiker: Zur Gegnerproblematik der Pastoralbriefe’, Die EntstehungdesChristentumsausdemJudentum=BerlinerTheologischeZeitschrift() –(,,). TheFemaleBodyasSocialSpaceinTimothy AttheendofhislettertotheSmyrneans,Ignatiusgreets‘thevirginswhoarecalled widows’.Polycarpalsoseemstopresupposeafixedgroupofwidowsinhisletter tothePhilippians: Weshouldteach thewidowstobeself-controlledwithrespecttofaith inthe Lord, to pray without ceasing for everyone, and to be distant from all libel, slander, false witness, love of money, and all evil, knowing that they are God’saltarandthateachofferingisinspectedforablemishandthatnothing escapes his notice, whether thoughts, ideas, or any of the things hidden in theheart. The instructions concerning widows in Timothy make more sense if the author is not establishing the order of widows for the first time but attempting toreformanexistingone.Thereformconsistsindefining‘widow’morenarrowly and excluding those who do not fit this new definition. The ‘real’ widows are those who have no children, grandchildren, or any other relatives who could provideforthem. Onereasonforthisrestrictionmaybetolessenthefinancial burdenonthecommunity. Thenewdefinition,however,involvesbeingnoless than sixty years old and having been married once. This definition excludes ‘virgins’,thatis,womenwhochoosetoliveinthesinglestateratherthanmarrying at all. Such women apparently made a solemn promise or even took an oath to remainsexuallycontinent. Inadditiontotheeconomicissue,theauthorhastworeasonsforexcludingthe virgins,inhislanguage‘theyoungerwidows’.ThefirstechoesPaul’sCorinthian IgnatiusSmyrneans.;translationfromBartD.Ehrman,TheApostolicFathers(vols.;LCL –;Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversity,)..Cf.IgnatiusPolycarp.. PolycarpPhilippians.;trans.fromEhrman,..Thedateandintegrityofthisletterare disputed (.–). Sebastian Moll seems simply to assume the viability of Harrison’s thesis that two letters underlie the received one; The Arch-Heretic Marcion (WUNT ; Tübingen:MohrSiebeck,)–.SeetheperhapstoogenerousreviewofMoll’sbook byPaulFoster,‘MarcionwithoutHarnack’,ExpT()–.Onthecharacterization ofwidowsasthealtarofGod,seeCarolynOsiek,‘TheWidowasAltar:TheRiseandFallof aSymbol’,SecondCentury()–. Tim.–;JouetteBassler,‘TheWidow’sTale:AFreshLookatTim.–’,JBL() –(–);Seim,DoubleMessage,–.SeealsoHorrell,‘DiscipliningPerformance’, andthefurtherliteraturecitedinn.. Tim.-. ThisgoalseemstobeimpliedinTim..AccordingtoLukeTimothyJohnson,thisis‘the most obvious and central concern of the passage’; see his The First and Second Letters to Timothy(ABA;NewYork:Doubleday,).Seealsothediscussionofhisviewsby MarianneBjellandKartzow,Gossipand Gender:Otheringof Speechin the Pastoral Epistles (BZNW;Berlin/NewYork:deGruyter,)–. Tim.. ImpliedbyTim.;Seim,DoubleMessage,–.SeealsoBAGD,s.v.πίστις,andHorrell, ‘DiscipliningPerformance’,. ADELA YARBRO COLLINS correspondence: ‘For when they grow wanton, turning away from Christ, they wish to marry, incurring judgment upon themselves because they have broken their first promise’. The second reason is, ‘At the same time, they also learn tobeidle,goingaroundfromhousetohouse,andarenotonlyidlebutalsonon- sense-talkers and busybodies, saying what should not be said’. Instead, these women should marry, bear children, manage their households, and thus ‘give theopponentnooccasionforreproach’. Somescholarshavearguedthatthisdescriptionsignifiesthat‘thelifestyleof the widows seems to have produced a negative reaction in the wider society, which objected to their free and apparently useless behavior (v b)’. The next verse, however, reads, ‘For some have already turned aside to follow Satan’. Jouette Bassler interprets this verse to mean that some of the widows have embraced the heretical movement opposed by the Pastor. If, however, one reads these two verses together, instead of separately as expressing two different arguments, the rhetoric appears to have a different point. In this reading,‘theopponent’in.isSatan,wholooksforopportunitiestoreproach thefaithfulintheheavenlycourt. So,ratherthanaworryaboutwhatoutsiders will think, the author indicates that the lifestyle of the widows, especially the younger ones pledged to virginity, indicates a potential, and to some degree actual, link between members of the audience and a group or movement that the author opposes. In this reading the accusations of idleness, gadding about, talking nonsense, and being busybodies do not constitute a fair description of thelifestyleofthewidows.Itisratherahighlytendentiousandpejorativedepic- tion.Theclaimthattheyounger‘widows’say‘whatshouldnotbesaid’isthus Tim.b–;cf.Cor.,d,,;Cor.–. Tim.;seethediscussionsoftheusageofϕλύαρος(andinoneinstance,π1ρι1ργία)in Bjelland Kartzow, Gossip and Gender, – (π1ρι1ργία on ). See also the use of π1ρι1ργάζ1σθαιinThess.. Bassler,‘Widow’sTale’,;notealsothescholarsmentionedinhern.;Seimspeaksofthe fear‘thatthesurroundingsocietywillreactnegativelytosuchalackofconformitytothedom- esticityexpectedofwomen’(DoubleMessage,). Bassler,‘Widow’sTale’,andn..Seimalsoconcludesthattheauthoropposedtheascetic behaviorofthewidowsandmaintained‘thattheirweaknessencourageseasyaccessbyhere- ticswhoadvocatedanasceticlifestyle’(DoubleMessage,). Thephraseὁἀντικ1ίμ1νοςalsosignifiesSataninClem.andMPol.. Intheinstructionconcerninganacceptablecandidatefortheroleofoverseerorbishop,the authorstatesthathe‘mustalsohaveagoodreputationamongoutsiders,inorderthathenot fallintodisgraceandthetrapoftheSlanderer’(.).Heretheconcernwithoutsidersisexpli- cit.Notetheuseofthepluralherebutthesingularin..Thetwopassagesseemtoconstrue theactivityofSatanindifferentways. BjellandKartzowacceptsthatTim.engagesinancientgossipdiscourseandthat‘awhole gossipsceneisdescribed’(GossipandGender,).Sheretrievesgossipas‘ausefulstereotype’ andconstruesitas‘acreativecounter-discourse’(–).
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