New Technologies in Aquaculture: Improving Production Efficiency, Quality and Environmental Management (Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition)

1212 Pages·2009·9.51 MB·English

by  Gavin Burnell

New technologies in aquaculture
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New technologies in
aquaculture
Improving production
effi ciency, quality and
environmental management
Edited by
Gavin Burnell and Geoff Allan
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road,
Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
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First published 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009, except Chapters 26 and 27 which are © The State
of Queensland (through the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries), 2009
The authors have asserted their moral rights.
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Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-384-8 (book)
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-647-4 (e-book)
CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-0109-3
CRC Press order number: N10010
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Contents
Contributor contact details ......................................................................... xix
Preface .......................................................................................................... xxix
Part I Genetic improvement and reproduction ................................... 1
1 Genome-based technologies useful for aquaculture research and
genetic improvement of aquaculture species .................................. 3
Z. Liu, Auburn University, USA
1.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 3
1.2 DNA marker technologies ..................................................... 4
1.3 DNA sequencing technologies .............................................. 18
1.4 Gene discovery technologies ................................................. 26
1.5 Genome mapping technologies ............................................. 28
1.6 Genome expression analysis technologies ........................... 35
1.7 Acknowledgements ................................................................. 41
1.8 References ................................................................................ 41
2 Genetic improvement of fi nfi sh ........................................................ 55
G. Hulata, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel, and
B. Ron, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd,
Israel
2.1 Introduction: current status of aquaculture genetics ......... 55
2.2 Key drivers for genetic improvement of fi nfi sh .................. 56
2.3 Case studies – risks associated with selective breeding
programs ................................................................................... 69
vi Contents
2.4 Future trends ............................................................................ 71
2.5 Sources of further information and advice .......................... 72
2.6 Acknowledgement ................................................................... 72
2.7 References ................................................................................ 72
3 Genetic variation and selective breeding in
hatchery-propagated molluscan shellfi sh ........................................ 87
P. Boudry, Ifremer, France
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 87
3.2 Monitoring genetic diversity and risks related to
inbreeding ................................................................................. 88
3.3 Inheritance of traits important for aquaculture .................. 90
3.4 Current status of established molluscan shellfi sh
breeding programs ................................................................... 92
3.5 Present needs and future trends: use of marker assisted
selection and genomics ........................................................... 97
3.6 References ................................................................................ 100
4 Controlling fi sh reproduction in aquaculture ................................. 109
C. Mylonas, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Greece,
and Y. Zohar, University of Maryland Biotechnology
Institute, USA
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 110
4.2 The fi sh reproductive cycle and its control .......................... 110
4.3 Reproductive strategies and dysfunctions in captivity ....... 116
4.4 Hormonal therapies for the control of reproduction ......... 118
4.5 Induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation ................... 122
4.6 Induction of spermiation ........................................................ 126
4.7 Spontaneous spawning versus artifi cial insemination ........ 127
4.8 Future trends ............................................................................ 128
4.9 Sources of further information and advice .......................... 130
4.10 References ................................................................................ 130
5 Producing sterile and single-sex populations of fi sh for
aquaculture .......................................................................................... 143
T. Benfey, University of New Brunswick, Canada
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 143
5.2 Sterile populations ................................................................... 144
5.3 Single-sex populations ............................................................ 154
5.4 Future trends and further reading ........................................ 157
5.5 References ................................................................................ 159
6 Chromosome set manipulation in shellfi sh ..................................... 165
X. Guo, Y. Wang, Z. Xu, Rutgers University, USA, and
H. Yang, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, USA
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 165
Contents vii
6.2 Principles and methods of chromosome set
manipulation ............................................................................ 166
6.3 Triploid shellfi sh ....................................................................... 174
6.4 Tetraploid shellfi sh .................................................................. 183
6.5 Gynogensis, androgenesis and aneuploids ........................... 187
6.6 Summary and perspectives ..................................................... 187
6.7 Acknowledgements ................................................................. 188
6.8 References ................................................................................ 188
Part II Health ........................................................................................... 195
7 Advances in disease diagnosis, vaccine development
and other emerging methods to control pathogens in
aquaculture .......................................................................................... 197
A. Adams, University of Stirling, UK
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 197
7.2 Key drivers to improve disease diagnosis and vaccine
development ............................................................................. 198
7.3 Limitations of current diagnostic methods .......................... 198
7.4 Advances in methods of disease diagnosis (mainly
for bacterial diseases) ............................................................. 199
7.5 Advances in vaccine development ........................................ 203
7.6 Other emerging methods to control pathogens .................. 207
7.7 Future trends ............................................................................ 208
7.8 Sources of further information and advice .......................... 209
7.9 References ................................................................................ 211
8 Controlling parasitic diseases in aquaculture:
new developments .............................................................................. 215
C. Sommerville, University of Stirling, UK
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 215
8.2 Effects of parasitic disease in aquaculture ........................... 216
8.3 Advances in the understanding of parasite biology
and host–parasite interactions ............................................... 218
8.4 Advances in methods of identifying parasites ..................... 220
8.5 Advances in methods of controlling parasites .................... 221
8.6 Future trends ............................................................................ 237
8.7 References ................................................................................ 237
9 Controlling viral diseases in aquaculture: new developments ...... 244
T. Renault, Ifremer, France
9.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 244
9.2 Overview of viral diseases in aquaculture ........................... 245
9.3 Limitation of current management techniques ................... 248
viii Contents
9.4 Advances in understanding of immunity of
aquacultured species to viral diseases .................................. 249
9.5 New methods to control viral diseases in aquaculture
and future trends ..................................................................... 254
9.6 References ................................................................................ 259
10 Diet and husbandry techniques to improve disease
resistance: new technologies and prospects .................................... 267
F. J. Gatesoupe, INRA-Ifremer, France
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 267
10.2 Fighting the pathogens............................................................ 268
10.3 Improving welfare ................................................................... 273
10.4 Improving feed ......................................................................... 276
10.5 Concluding remarks ................................................................ 289
10.6 Sources of further information and advice .......................... 290
10.7 References ................................................................................ 291
Part III Diet and husbandry .................................................................. 313
11 Fish larvae nutrition and diet: new developments ......................... 315
S. Kolkovski, Dept of Fisheries, Australia, J. Lazo, Fish
Nutrition Laboratory, Mexico, D. Leclercq, ACUI-T,
France, and M. Izquierdo, Grupo de Investigación en
Acuicultura, Spain
11.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 315
11.2 Determination of nutritional requirements of larvae ........ 319
11.3 Nutritional requirements of fi sh larvae ................................ 322
11.4 Feed identifi cation and ingestion .......................................... 332
11.5 Ontogeny of digestive capacity in marine
fi sh larvae .................................................................................. 336
11.6 Digestive system capacity ....................................................... 343
11.7 Diet manufacturing methods ................................................. 346
11.8 Microdiet characteristics ......................................................... 349
11.9 Feeding system ......................................................................... 354
11.10 Dosage system ......................................................................... 355
11.11 Future directions ..................................................................... 359
11.12 References ................................................................................ 360
12 Aquaculture feeds and ingredients: an overview ........................... 370
R. Hardy, University of Idaho, USA
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 370
12.2 Sustainability of feed ingredients .......................................... 371
12.3 Safety of farmed fi sh products from harmful residues
and pollutants ........................................................................... 374
Contents ix
12.4 Categories of environmental pollutants and
residues comprising risks to the safety of farmed fi sh
products .................................................................................... 375
12.5 Alternate protein and lipid sources ...................................... 378
12.6 Future trends ............................................................................ 383
12.7 Sources of further information and advice .......................... 383
12.8 References ................................................................................ 384
13 Ingredient evaluation in aquaculture: digestibility,
utilisation and other key nutritional parameters ........................... 387
B. Glencross, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research,
Australia
13.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 388
13.2 Characterisation and preparation of ingredients ................ 390
13.3 Defi ning ingredient digestibility ............................................ 393
13.4 Ingredient palatability ............................................................. 399
13.5 Defi ning effects on growth and utilisation ........................... 402
13.6 Ingredient functionality and feed technical qualities ......... 408
13.7 Frontier technologies for ingredient evaluation.................. 408
13.8 References ................................................................................ 410
14 Quantifying nutritional requirements in aquaculture:
the factorial approach ........................................................................ 417
I. Lupatsch, Swansea University, UK
14.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 417
14.2 Quantifi cation of nutritional requirements .......................... 419
14.3 Feed ingredient evaluation ..................................................... 431
14.4 Feed formulation and feeding strategies .............................. 433
14.5 Future trends ............................................................................ 437
14.6 References ................................................................................ 438
15 Advances in aquaculture nutrition: catfi sh, tilapia and
carp nutrition ...................................................................................... 440
D. Davis, Auburn University, USA, T. Nguyen, Nong Lam
University, Vietnam, M. Li, National Warmwater
Aquaculture Center, USA, D. M. Gatilin III, Department of
Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, USA, and T. O’Keefe,
Aqua-Food Technologies, Inc., USA
15.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 440
15.2 Nutrient requirements ............................................................ 443
15.3 Sources of further information and advice .......................... 456
15.4 References ................................................................................ 456
x Contents
16 Advances in aquaculture feeds and feeding: basses and breams .... 459
M. Booth, New South Wales Department of Primary
Industries, Australia
16.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 459
16.2 Asian seabass ........................................................................... 461
16.3 Red sea bream and gilthead sea bream ............................... 466
16.4 Grouper .................................................................................... 476
16.5 Future trends ............................................................................ 483
16.6 References ................................................................................ 484
17 Advances in aquaculture feeds and feeding: salmonids ................ 498
S. Refstie, Nofi ma Marin and Aquaculture Protein Centre
(APC), Norway, and T. Åsgård, Nofi ma Marin, Norway
17.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 498
17.2 Feed technology and formulation ......................................... 500
17.3 Digestive physiology ............................................................... 501
17.4 Nutritional requirements ........................................................ 506
17.5 Nutrition and health ................................................................ 507
17.6 Dietary additives ..................................................................... 511
17.7 Species differences .................................................................. 514
17.8 Practical formulations ............................................................. 515
17.9 Feeding and feeding systems ................................................. 517
17.10 Future trends ............................................................................ 518
17.11 References ................................................................................ 522
18 Monitoring viral contamination in shellfi sh
growing areas ...................................................................................... 542
F. S. Le Guyader and M. Pommepuy, Ifremer, France, and
R. L. Atmar, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
18.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 542
18.2 Source of pollution .................................................................. 544
18.3 Methods .................................................................................... 550
18.4 Input and fl ux ........................................................................... 553
18.5 Strategies for reducing contamination ................................. 562
18.6 Other issues .............................................................................. 565
18.7 Future trends ............................................................................ 568
18.8 References ................................................................................ 569
19 Impacts of harmful algal bloom on shellfi sheries
aquaculture .......................................................................................... 580
Y. Matsuyama, National Research Institute of Fisheries and
Environment of Inland Sea, Japan, and S. Shumway,
University of Connecticut, USA
19.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 580
19.2 Global increase of harmful algal blooms (HAB) ............... 581