Table Of Content

THE NEW OXFORD ANNOTATED BIBLE New Revised Standard Version This page intentionally left blank Michael D. Coogan, Editor Marc Z. Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, and Pheme Perkins, Associate Editors Fully Revised Fourth Edition THE NEW OXFORD ANNOTATED BIBLE New Revised Standard Version With The Apocrypha An Ecumenical Study Bible 1 3 Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmi� ed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Third Edition copyright © 2001; Augmentations to the Third Edition copyright © 2007 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The New Oxford Annotated Bible copyright © 1973, 1977, 1991 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The Oxford Annotated Bible copyright © 1962 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The Oxford Annotated Apocrypha copyright © 1965, 1977, 1991, 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 h� p://www.oup.com/us Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. New Revised Standard Version Bible Copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America Design and typese� ing by 2Krogh AS, Denmark. Up to fi ve hundred (500) verses of The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) Bible text may be quoted or reprinted without the express wri� en permission of the publisher, provided the verses quoted neither amount to a complete book of the Bible nor account for 50% or more of the wri� en text of the total work in which they are quoted. When the NRSV text is quoted, notice of copyright must appear on the title or copyright page of the work as follows: The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright © 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. All rights reserved. When quotations from the NRSV text are used in non-saleable media, such as church bulletins, orders of service, post- ers, transparencies, or similar media, the initials (NRSV) may be used at the end of each quotation. Quotations or reprints in excess of fi ve hundred (500) verses (as well as other permission requests) must be ap- proved in writing by the NRSV Permissions Offi ce, The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10115-0050. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the Netherlands v CONTRIBUTORS Contributor Book(s) Yairah Amit Judges John R. Bartle� 1 Maccabees Jennifer K. Berenson Ephesians, Colossians Theodore A. Bergren 2 Esdras Adele Berlin Lamentations M. Eugene Boring 1 Peter Sheila Briggs Galatians Timothy B. Cargal James David M. Carr Genesis Richard J. Cliff ord Psalms David J. A. Clines Job John J. Collins 3 Maccabees Stephen L. Cook Ezekiel J. R. C. Cousland Ma� hew Katharine Dell Proverbs Neil Ellio� Romans Tamara Cohn Eskenazi Ezra, Nehemiah, 1 Esdras J. Cheryl Exum Song of Solomon Terence E. Fretheim Numbers Ma� hew Goff Baruch, Le� er of Jeremiah Lester Grabbe Wisdom of Solomon Daniel J. Harrington Sirach David G. Horrell 1, 2 Thessalonians Richard A. Horsley Mark Rodney R. Hu� on Jeremiah Cynthia Briggs Ki� redge Hebrews Gary N. Knoppers 1, 2 Chronicles David Lambert Prayer of Manasseh Mary Joan Winn Leith Esther, Greek Esther Amy-Jill Levine Daniel, Additions to Daniel, Tobit Contributor Book(s) Bernard M. Levinson Deuteronomy Christopher R. Ma� hews Acts Steven L. McKenzie 1, 2 Samuel Carol Meyers Exodus Margaret M. Mitchell 1, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon Gregory Mobley Hosea, Amos, Micah Judith H. Newman Psalm 151 Jerome H. Neyrey, S.J. John Julia M. O’Brien Obadiah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah Carolyn Osiek Philippians Pheme Perkins 1, 2, 3 John David L. Petersen Joel, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Thomas Römer 1, 2 Kings Jean-Pierre Ruiz Revelation Daniel R. Schwartz 2 Maccabees Choon-Leong Seow Ecclesiastes David A. de Silva 4 Maccabees Marion L. Soards Luke Jeff rey Stackert Leviticus Marvin A. Sweeney Isaiah Patrick A. Tiller 2 Peter, Jude Sze-kar Wan 2 Corinthians Laurence L. Welborn 1 Corinthians Lawrence M. Wills Judith K. Lawson Younger, Jr. Joshua Yair Zakovitch Ruth, Jonah Marc Z. Bre� ler: The Pentateuch; The Historical Books; The Poetical and Wisdom Books, The Canons of the Bible [with Pheme Perkins]; The Hebrew Bible’s Interpretation of Itself; Jewish Interpretation in the Premodern Era Michael D. Coogan: Textual Criticism [with Pheme Perkins]; The Interpretation of the Bible: From the Nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Centuries; The Geography of the Bible; The Ancient Near East Carol A. Newsom: The Prophetic Books; Introduction to the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books; Christian Interpre- tation in the Premodern Era; Contemporary Methods in Biblical Study; The Persian and Hellenistic Periods Pheme Perkins: The Gospels; Le� ers/Epistles in the New Testament; The Canons of the Bible [with Marc Z. Bre� ler]; Textual Criticism [with Michael D. Coogan]; Translation of the Bible into English; The New Testament Interprets the Jewish Scriptures; The Roman Period This page intentionally left blank vii CONTENTS The Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii To the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi The Hebrew Bible the pentateuch Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Genesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Exodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Leviticus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Deuteronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 the historical books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Joshua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Judges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Ruth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms in Greek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 1 Kings (3 Kingdoms in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 2 Kings (4 Kingdoms in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . .617 Ezra (2 Esdras in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Nehemiah (2 Esdras in Greek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 Esther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 the poetical and wisdom books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721 Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 Psalms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Proverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 Ecclesiastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 Song of Solomon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950 the prophetic books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961 Isaiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 Jeremiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 Lamentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1147 Ezekiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1159 Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1233 Hosea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259 Joel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1275 Amos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1282 Obadiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298 Jonah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1301 Micah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306 Nahum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1316 Habakkuk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1321 Zephaniah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1327 Haggai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1333 Zechariah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1337 Malachi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1351 viii The Acts of the Apostles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919 The Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1361 The Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books are listed here in four groupings, as follows: (a) books and additions to esther and daniel that are in the roman catholic, greek, and slavonic bibles Tobit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1368 Judith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389 The Additions to the Book of Esther (with a translation of the entire Greek text of Esther). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1411 Wisdom of Solomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427 Ecclesiasticus, or the Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457 Baruch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529 The Le� er of Jeremiah (Baruch ch 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1537 The Additions to the Greek Book of Daniel: The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . 1543 Susanna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548 Bel and the Dragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552 1 Maccabees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555 2 Maccabees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599 (b) books in the greek and slavonic bibles; not in the roman catholic canon 1 Esdras (2 Esdras in Slavonic, 3 Esdras in Appendix to Vulgate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633 Prayer of Manasseh (in Appendix to Vulgate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1656 Psalm 151 (following Psalm 150 in the Greek Bible) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1658 3 Maccabees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659 (c) in the slavonic bible and in the latin vulgate appendix 2 Esdras (3 Esdras in Slavonic, 4 Esdras in Vulgate Appendix). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1675 (Note: In the Latin Vulgate, Ezra–Nehemiah are 1 and 2 Esdras.) (d) in an appendix to the greek bible 4 Maccabees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1717 The New Testament the gospels Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1743 Ma� hew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746 Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1791 Luke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1827 John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1879 ix Revelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153 General Essays, Tables The Canons of the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2185 Textual Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2192 Translation of the Bible into English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197 interpretation The Hebrew Bible’s Interpretation of Itself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2201 The New Testament Interprets the Jewish Scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2204 Jewish Interpretation in the Premodern Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2208 Christian Interpretation in the Premodern Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213 The Interpretation of the Bible: From the Nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Centuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2221 Contemporary Methods in Biblical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2227 The Geography of the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2234 cultural contexts The Ancient Near East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2236 The Persian and Hellenistic Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2242 The Roman Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247 tables Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2254 Chronological Table of Rulers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2258 Weights and Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2262 Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2263 Parallel Texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2264 translations of ancient texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2267 glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2269 index to the study materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2289 concordance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2315 color maps follow the last page of text Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1973 Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 1 Corinthians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 2 Corinthians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 Galatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2041 Ephesians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2052 Philippians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061 Colossians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2067 1 Thessalonians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2074 2 Thessalonians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2080 Introduction to the Pastoral Epistles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2084 1 Timothy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2085 2 Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2091 Titus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2096 Philemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2100 Hebrews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103 James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2119 1 Peter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2126 2 Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2132 1 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2137 2 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2145 3 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2147 Jude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149 letters/epistles in the new testament This page intentionally left blank xi MAPS, CHARTS, AND DIAGRAMS Hebrew Bible The table of nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 The geography of the ancestral narratives . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The genealogy of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. . . . . . . . . 52 The structure of the Tabernacle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 The route of the spies in Numbers 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Confl icts in the Negeb and Transjordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 The territory of the Transjordan tribes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 The boundaries of the promised land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 The circuit via Transjordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 The numbering of the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy 5.6–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 What Moses saw from Mt. Nebo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 The conquest of Canaan according to the book of Joshua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 The Levitical cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 585 The geography of the book of Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 The Benjaminite War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 The activity of Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Wanderings of the ark of the covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . .406 The kingdom of Saul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 David’s early career and his fl ight from Saul. . . . . . . . . 424 The kingdom of David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452, 592 The sons of David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Solomon’s twelve administrative districts . . . . . . . . . . 494 The Temple and palace of Solomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 The Divided Monarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510, 630 The geography of the Elijah narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 The geography of the Elisha narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Assyria and Israel and Judah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555, 650 Places associated with Sennacherib’s invasion of Judah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560, 657 Important cities in Judah in the late seventh and early sixth centuries bce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Babylon and Judah in the early sixth century bce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571, 663, 1122 The Temple of Solomon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 The kingdom of Solomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 Judah and its neighbors in Ezra-Nehemiah. . . . . . . . . . 682 Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 Places mentioned in the oracles against foreign nations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .986, 1130, 1195, 1285, 1330 The last kings of Judah in the book of Jeremiah. . . . . 1058 Tribal territories in the restored Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229 Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books The geography of Tobit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1370 The geography of the book of Judith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394 Campaigns of the Maccabees and Hasmoneans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1560 The Jerusalem vicinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563 Campaigns of the Maccabees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615 New Testament Four Source Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1745 The geography of the Gospel of Ma� hew . . . . . . . . . .1777 The geography of the Gospel of Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800 The geography of the Gospel of Luke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1862 The geography of the Gospel of John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883 The native lands of Pentecost pilgrims . . . . . . . . . . . . 1924 Early Christian missionary activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1934 First missionary journey of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944 Second missionary journey of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 Third missionary journey of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 Paul’s journey to Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 Places mentioned in Galatians 1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2044 Similar passages in Ephesians and Colossians. . . . . .2052 Similar passages in 2 Peter and Jude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2132 The seven churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2157 This page intentionally left blank xiii THE EDITORS’ PREFACE For nearly fi ve decades The Oxford Annotated Bible and its successor The New Oxford Annotated Bible have served generations of readers and students as a study Bible. That extraordinary longevity alone is eloquent testimony to its success. This new edition retains the format and features that have proven so a� ractive. At the same time, the fi eld of biblical studies has not been static, and this edition is a thoroughgoing revision of the previous ones. In particular, the editors have recruited contributors from a wide diversity of backgrounds and of schol- arly approaches to the biblical traditions. In order to present this diversity more fully, the introductions to the biblical books, the maps and charts, the annotations, and the study materials at the end of the book have been signifi cantly enhanced and lengthened since the third edition. We recognize that no single interpretation or approach is suffi cient for informed reading of these ancient texts, and have aimed at inclusivity of interpretive strategies. On a great number of issues there is a consensus among scholars, and the contributors have been encouraged to present such consensus when it exists. Where it has broken down, and has not yet re-formed, alternatives are mentioned. Moreover, in order to respect the canonical status of various parts of the Bible for diff erent communities, and to avoid privileging any book or part of the Bible, we have kept both introductions and annotations roughly proportionate to the length of the books, while recognizing that some parts require more elaboration than others. The editorial process was collaborative. Each contribution was read in its entirety by at least three of the editors, and revised with a view toward consistency of tone, coherence of approach, and completeness of cov- erage. We have also wanted to allow the contributors’ own voices to be heard, and we have avoided imposing a superfi cial uniformity of style and approach. Throughout, we have kept the needs of the general audience fi rmly in mind during the editorial stages, and our aim has been a congruity of experience as a reader turns from book to book and from section to section of the fi nished volume. contents of the annotated bible The biblical text stands apart from any editorial contributions, in both placement and format. This will enable anyone who wishes to do so to read the text unprejudiced by editorial judgments. The footnotes that are part of the New Revised Standard Version (indicated by an italic superscript le� er a� er the word or phrase in question) are printed at the bo� om of the right-hand column of the biblical text on each page where they occur. In these notes, divergent textual readings and alternate translations are printed in italics. The phrase “Other ancient authorities read” means that the reading (i.e., the wording) of the passage is diff erent in various manuscripts and early versions, and the word “Or” signifi es that the Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, or Latin text permits an alternate rendering besides the one given in the text. (See “Textual Criticism,” p. 2192.) Discussion of larger units in the Bible is provided by essays introducing each of them: “The Pentateuch,” “The Historical Books,” “The Poetical and Wisdom Books,” “The Prophetic Books,” “The Apocryphal/Deutero- canonical Books,” “The Gospels,” and “Le� ers/Epistles in the New Testament.” Each book is preceded by its own introduction, which sketches the book’s structure, main themes, literary history, and historical context, as well as broad lines of interpretation; they therefore present a clear overview and guide to reading. For this edition we have not only made the introductions longer than in previous editions but have also organized them so that they cover the same topics in the same order. At the bo� om of each page of the biblical text, in a diff erent font from it and in a single column, are the annotations. The annotations are just that, notes rather than paraphrase or commentary, although these genres admi� edly overlap. They are intended to enhance the reader’s understanding of the text, providing essential information, background, and interpretation, rather than only summarizing what it says. The boldface head- ings delineate the larger units of the book and provide a detailed consecutive outline of its contents. The word or phrase being glossed is given in italics. Quotation marks are used for words quoted from elsewhere in the Bible as well as for transliterations of ancient languages. Since we desire each book to stand on its own, as much as possible the annotations are self-contained. We have thus tried to avoid both cross-references to fuller discussions elsewhere, and the misconception that a book or larger part of the Bible is merely a perfunc- tory reworking of other material, or that a particular passage can only be understood fully in the light of later xiv biblical traditions. At the same time, we recognize that the Bible is o� en a progressive text, and that later parts of the Bible o� en contain the oldest interpretations of earlier traditions. The best starting point for interpreting a particular passage is o� en another passage, and we have encouraged contributors to point out interconnec- tions in the biblical material by means of cross-references. (The cross-references that end with “n.” refer to the annotation as well as to the biblical text.) A listing of abbreviations for the books of the Bible used in this edition is found on p. xxi. The chapter and verse divisions in a reference are separated by a period; thus, Gen 3.8 refers to the book of Genesis, chapter 3, verse 8. Inclusive references are used for both chapters and verses; thus, Ex 1–15 refers to the fi rst fi � een chapters of the book of Exodus; Rom 11.33–36 to verses 33 through 36 of chapter 11 of the le� er to the Romans; and so forth. When a book of the Bible is referred to within an annotation on that book, the name of the book is not repeated unless there is ambiguity. In keeping with our general desire to take account of the diversity of the users of this study Bible, we have adopted two widely accepted conventions: We have referred to the fi rst portion of the text as “the Hebrew Bible,” since it is a collection preserved by the Jewish community and that is how Jews regard it; and we have cited all dates in the notes as bce or ce (“Before the Common Era” and “Common Era”) instead of bc or ad (“Be- fore Christ” and “Anno Domini” [“in the year of the Lord”]), which imply a Christian view of the status of Jesus of Nazareth. Use of the title “Old Testament” for those books here designated as “the Hebrew Bible” is confi ned to instances expressing the historical view of various Christian interpreters. These conventions are followed in the study materials that we have produced; the translation has its own conventions, which we are not at liberty to alter. Several dozen maps and plans are interspersed in the biblical text. These will assist readers to locate important places mentioned in the text or to clarify the prose descriptions of such structures as the Tabernacle and the Temple. The study materials at the end of the volume are a series of interconnected essays that provide background information for understanding the Bible, the processes by which it was formed, the contexts in which it was produced, and the ways in which it has been interpreted through the ages. These essays are followed by tables of rulers, of weights and measures, of the calendar, and of parallel passages in the biblical traditions. There is also a brief bibliography to English translations of ancient writings that are referred to in the notes. A select chronology provides a quick reference for major events, rulers, and other persons contemporaneous with the biblical accounts. The study materials also include a glossary of important terms and concepts. At the end of the book is a comprehensive subject index to all of the study materials, including the annotations. Finally, there is a separate set of fourteen color maps, with a separate index to them, that constitute a brief historical atlas to the Bible. acknowledgments It remains to express our gratitude, fi rst and above all to the contributors, whose learning has made this a work of which we are immensely proud, and whose uncommon patience with the editorial process made our task light. Donald Kraus, Executive Editor in the Bible department at Oxford University Press, U.S.A., has guided this edition from its inception with wisdom and tact. Elisabeth Nelson carried out with effi ciency and accuracy a wide variety of editorial tasks that are needed in a project of this complexity. Mary Sutherland prepared the text for composition, and 2Krogh AS, Denmark, designed and typeset the entire text. We thank them all. michael d. coogan, marc z. brettler, carol a. newsom, pheme perkins August, 2009