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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel New Developments in Renewable Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45849 Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel Contributors Tser Chen, Tsai-Lien Yeh, Yi-Hsuan Ko, A Alolah, Ahmed M. Al Salloum, Mashauri Adam Kusekwa, António Cardoso Marques, José Alberto Fuinhas, Rui Flora, Pius Olugbenga Fatona, Oladunjoye Abiodun, Adesanwo Adeola, Adetayo Olumide, Abiodun Abiodun, Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, Gholam Riahy, Sajjad Abedi, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, Mehdi Farhadkhani, Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Ehsan Enferad, Daryoush Nazarpour, Jose Pelegri-Sebastia, Miguel Pareja Aparicio, Tomás Sogorb, Vicente Llario, Saeid Eslamian, Masoomeh Fakhri, Mohammad Reza Farzaneh, Ali Eltamaly, Hassan Farh, Robert Peters, Basel I. Ismail, Hasan Arman, Maria Teresa Outeiro, Adriano Carvalho Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] New Developments in Renewable Energy, Edited by Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1040-8 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration 1 Chapter 1 Present Situation and Future Prospect of Energy Utilization and Climate Change in Turkey 3 İbrahim Yüksel, Kamil Kaygusuz and Hasan Arman Chapter 2 Energy Savings Resulting from Installation of an Extensive Vegetated Roof System on a Campus Building in the Southeastern United States 21 Robert W. Peters, Ronald D. Sherrod and Matt Winslett Chapter 3 On the Public Policies Supporting Renewables and Wind Power Overcapacity: Insights into the European Way Forward 51 António Cardoso Marques, José Alberto Fuinhas and Rui Flora Chapter 4 Viewing Energy, Poverty and Sustainability in Developing Countries Through a Gender Lens 83 Pius Fatona, Abiodun Abiodun, Adetayo Olumide, Adesanwo Adeola and Oladunjoye Abiodun Section 2 Modeling and Analysis 99 Chapter 5 Improved Stochastic Modeling: An Essential Tool for Power System Scheduling in the Presence of Uncertain Renewables 101 Sajjad Abedi, Gholam Hossein Riahy, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian and Mehdi Farhadkhani VI Contents Chapter 6 Modeling of Photovoltaic Cell Using Free Software Application for Training and Design Circuit in Photovoltaic Solar Energy 121 Miguel Pareja Aparicio, José Pelegrí-Sebastiá, Tomás Sogorb and Vicente Llario Chapter 7 Steady State Modeling of Three Phase Self–Excited Induction Generator Under Unbalanced/Balanced Conditions 141 A. Alsalloum and A. I. Alolah Chapter 8 Maximum Power Extraction from Utility-Interfaced Wind Turbines 159 Ali M. Eltamaly, A. I. Alolah and Hassan M. Farh Chapter 9 Comparative Analysis of Endowments Effect Renewable Energy Efficiency Among OECD Countries 193 Tser-Yieth Chen, Tsai-Lien Yeh and Yi Hsuan Ko Section 3 Wind Power 213 Chapter 10 Wind Speed Regionalization Under Climate Change Conditions 215 Masoomeh Fakhry, Mohammad Reza Farzaneh, Saeid Eslamian and Rouzbeh Nazari Section 4 Biomass 237 Chapter 11 Biomass Conversion to Energy in Tanzania: A Critique 239 Mashauri Adam Kusekwa Section 5 Ocean Energy 271 Chapter 12 Ocean's Renewable Power and Review of Technologies: Case Study Waves 273 Ehsan Enferad and Daryoush Nazarpour Section 6 Geothermal 301 Chapter 13 ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration 303 Basel I. Ismail Contents VII Section 7 Fuel Cell 329 Chapter 14 Methodology of Designing Power Converters for Fuel Cell Based Systems: A Resonant Approach 331 Maria Teresa Outeiro and Adriano Carvalho Section 8 Integrated System 363 Chapter 15 Wind Diesel Hybrid Power System with Hydrogen Storage 365 Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, Karim Belmokhtar and Kodjo Agbossou Chapter 16 Sustainable Power Generation Through Co-Combustion of Agricultural Residues with Coal in Existing Coal Power Plant 389 Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani and Azil Bahari Alias Preface Unlike to fossil energy sources, renewable energy sources such as sunlight and wind are existed in widespread geographical areas of the world and provide important opportunities for energy efficiency. Higher growth rate in production of renewable energy and technologi‐ cal diversification of energy sources will contribute a significant energy security and sub‐ stantial economic benefits to many nations. Consequently, in developing countries, projects related to renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation via providing the energy needed for setting up businesses and employment. Also, renewable energy technolo‐ gies can make indirect assistances to poverty alleviation by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education by provid‐ ing electricity to schools. The recent studies indicate that renewable energy sources have been grown at an average annual rate of 1.7% since 1990s. It is slightly less than the annual growth rate of world's’ Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) which is 1.9%. Especially, the average annual growth rate of wind power is the highest with 25%. However, the production still remains small due to its very low base in 1990s. Most of the production and growth of solar and wind energy are committed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. With 10.4% of annual growth rate, renewable municipal waste, biogas and liquid biomass were recorded as the second highest growing energy sources. Having an annual growth rate of 1.2%, the primary solid biomass is the largest contributor to renewable ener‐ gy in the world and has experienced the slowest growth among the renewable energy sour‐ ces. Most of the solid biomass is produced in the Nnon-OECD countries, but its growth is comparable forto OECD and non-OECD countries. The annual growth rate of solar photo‐ voltaics and solar thermal is 9.8%. The average annual growth rate of hydropower in non- OECD countries (3.7%) was larger than in OECD countries (0.4%) between 1990 and 2007. Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. Renewable energy technologies are important con‐ tributors to sustainable energy which utilize renewable energy sources, such as hydroelec‐ tricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power. They generally contribute to world's energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel re‐ sources, improving energy efficiency, and providing opportunities for mitigating green‐ house gases. Sustainable development has evolved to integrate economic, social and environmental aims. Sustainable development has emerged as the key challenge for the 21st Ccentury. Both the opportunities and the lack of progress were highlighted during the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. Decision-makers are looking for sustainable X Preface development in order to provide practical approaches for addressing traditional issues as well as the newer challenges. Energy is important for economical and social development and enhanced quality of life in all nations. However, if technology were to remain stable and if overall quantities were to increase substantially, much of the world’s energy could not be sustained under the current production and consumption ways. There is an urgent need to control atmospheric emis‐ sions of greenhouse and other gases/substances for efficiency in energy production, trans‐ mission, distribution, and consumption in the country. As policymakers and investors all around the world are aware of the electricity’s critical role in improving living standards and sustaining economic growth, electricity supply infrastructures in many developing countries are being rapidly expanded. The book is divided into nineeight sections;: Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration, Modeling and Analysis, Wind Power, Biomass, Ocean Energy, Geothermal, Bio Fuels, Fuel Cell and Integrated System. Each section has a number of chapters address‐ ing various issues related to renewable energy. A number of experts have provided progressive contributions for the development of this book. The editor and Cthe co-editor of the book are thankful for their supportive and con‐ tinuous efforts in completing this book. This book mightwould not be existed if thereit wasn't for was no their remarkable contributions. Finally, the editors would like to kindly thank to all InTech peoplestaff for their invitation and enthusiasm from the first to the fi‐ nal stage of this book. Editor Dr. Hasan Arman Professor, Geology Department College of Science United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Co-editor Ibrahim Yuksel Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Faculty of Tecnology Sakarya University Sakarya, Turkey