Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders PDF
Preview Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders
NEUROLOGY OF SEXUAL AND BLADDER DISORDERS HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Series Editors MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANC¸OIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB VOLUME 130 EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2015 NEUROLOGY OF SEXUAL AND BLADDER DISORDERS Series Editors MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANC¸OIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB Volume Editors ˇ DAVID B. VODUSEK AND FRANC¸OIS BOLLER VOLUME 130 3rd Series EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2015 ELSEVIER B.V. Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA ©2015,ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. 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ThePublisher The Publisher's policy is to use CommissioningEditor:MicaHaley paper manufactured DevelopmentEditor:MichaelParkinson from sustainable forests ProjectManager:SujathaThirugnanaSambandam Designer/DesignDirection:AlanStudholme HandbookofClinicalNeurology3rdSeries Availabletitles Vol.79,Thehumanhypothalamus:basicandclinicalaspects,PartI,D.F.SwaabISBN9780444513571 Vol.80,Thehumanhypothalamus:basicandclinicalaspects,PartII,D.F.SwaabISBN9780444514905 Vol.81,Pain,F.CerveroandT.S.Jensen,eds.ISBN9780444519016 Vol.82,Motorneuronedisordersandrelateddiseases,A.A.EisenandP.J.Shaw,eds.ISBN9780444518941 Vol.83,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartI,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444519009 Vol.84,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartII,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444528933 Vol.85,HIV/AIDSandthenervoussystem,P.PortegiesandJ.Berger,eds.ISBN9780444520104 Vol.86,Myopathies,F.L.MastagliaandD.HiltonJones,eds.ISBN9780444518996 Vol.87,Malformationsofthenervoussystem,H.B.SarnatandP.Curatolo,eds.ISBN9780444518965 Vol.88,Neuropsychologyandbehaviouralneurology,G.GoldenbergandB.C.Miller,eds.ISBN9780444518972 Vol.89,Dementias,C.DuyckaertsandI.Litvan,eds.ISBN9780444518989 Vol.90,Disordersofconsciousness,G.B.YoungandE.F.M.Wijdicks,eds.ISBN9780444518958 Vol.91,Neuromuscularjunctiondisorders,A.G.Engel,ed.ISBN9780444520081 Vol.92,Stroke–PartI:Basicandepidemiologicalaspects,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520036 Vol.93,Stroke–PartII:Clinicalmanifestationsandpathogenesis,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520043 Vol.94,Stroke–PartIII:Investigationsandmanagement,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520050 Vol.95,Historyofneurology,S.Finger,F.BollerandK.L.Tyler,eds.ISBN9780444520081 Vol.96,Bacterialinfectionsofthecentralnervoussystem,K.L.RoosandA.R.Tunkel,eds.ISBN9780444520159 Vol.97,Headache,G.NappiandM.A.Moskowitz,eds.ISBN9780444521392 Vol.98,Sleepdisorders,PartI,P.MontagnaandS.Chokroverty,eds.ISBN9780444520067 Vol.99,Sleepdisorders,PartII,P.MontagnaandS.Chokroverty,eds.ISBN9780444520074 Vol.100,Hyperkineticmovementdisorders,W.J.WeinerandE.Tolosa,eds.ISBN9780444520142 Vol.101,Musculardystrophies,A.AmatoandR.C.Griggs,eds.ISBN9780080450315 Vol.102,Neuro-ophthalmology,C.KennardandR.J.Leigh,eds.ISBN9780444529039 Vol.103,Ataxicdisorders,S.H.SubramonyandA.Durr,eds.ISBN9780444518927 Vol.104,Neuro-oncology,PartI,W.GrisoldandR.Sofietti,eds.ISBN9780444521385 Vol.105,Neuro-oncology,PartII,W.GrisoldandR.Sofietti,eds.ISBN9780444535023 Vol.106,Neurobiologyofpsychiatricdisorders,T.SchlaepferandC.B.Nemeroff,eds.ISBN9780444520029 Vol.107,EpilepsyPartI,H.StefanandW.H.Theodore,eds.ISBN9780444528988 Vol.108,EpilepsyPartII,H.StefanandW.H.Theodore,eds.ISBN9780444528995 Vol.109,Spinalcordinjury,J.VerhaagenandJ.W.McDonaldIII,eds.ISBN9780444521378 Vol.110,Neurologicalrehabilitation,M.BarnesandD.C.Good,eds.ISBN9780444529015 Vol.111,PediatricneurologyPartI,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444528919 Vol.112,PediatricneurologyPartII,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444529107 Vol.113,PediatricneurologyPartIII,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444595652 Vol. 114, Neuroparasitology and tropical neurology, H.H. Garcia, H.B. Tanowitz and O.H. Del Brutto, eds. ISBN 9780444534903 Vol.115,Peripheralnervedisorders,G.SaidandC.Krarup,eds.ISBN9780444529022 Vol.116,Brainstimulation,A.M.LozanoandM.Hallett,eds.ISBN9780444534972 Vol.117,Autonomicnervoussystem,R.M.BuijsandD.F.Swaab,eds.ISBN9780444534910 Vol.118,Ethicalandlegalissuesinneurology,J.L.BernatandH.R.Beresford,eds.ISBN9780444535016 Vol.119,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartI,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040863 Vol.120,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040870 Vol.121,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartIII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040887 Vol.122,Multiplesclerosisandrelateddisorders,D.S.Goodin,ed.ISBN9780444520012 Vol.123,Neurovirology,A.C.TselisandJ.Booss,eds.ISBN9780444534880 vi AVAILABLETITLES(Continued) Vol.124,Clinicalneuroendocrinology,E.Fliers,M.KorbonitsandJ.A.Romijn,eds.ISBN9780444596024 Vol.125,Alcoholandthenervoussystem,E.V.SullivanandA.Pfefferbaum,eds.ISBN9780444626196 Vol.126,Diabetesandthenervoussystem,D.W.ZochodneandR.A.Malik,eds.ISBN9780444534804 Vol.127,TraumaticbraininjuryPartI,J.GrafmanandA.M.Salazar,eds.ISBN9780444528926 Vol.128,TraumaticbraininjuryPartII,J.GrafmanandA.M.Salazar,eds.ISBN9780444635211 Vol.129,Thehumanauditorysystem:Fundamentalorganizationandclinicaldisorders,G.G.Celesia andG.Hickok,eds.ISBN9780444626301 Foreword Sexuality(andthereproductiontowhichitleads)arenotonlycrucialfunctionsforthesurvivalofourspecies,but,for manypeople,animportantcomponentofafulfilledlife.Despitethegreatimportanceofsexuality,however,discus- sionaboutsexualdisordersremainsextremelydifficultforbothpatientsandphysicians.Whenoneofus(DFS)wasin medicalschool,hisprofessordidnotaccepttheabbreviationNA,whichstoodfor“noabnormalities,”intheparagraph onthereproductivetractinthepatient’sfile;heclaimed,rightly,thatNAreallymeantthatpossibleissueshadnotbeen discussedwiththepatientinaprofessionalway.“NAmeans’noattention’,”hewouldshout.Thesamereluctantatti- tudecropsupwhenlowerurinarytractdysfunctionsareconcerned,inspiteofthefactthat,likesexuality,theyareso vitalforqualityoflife.Disordersofthesefunctionsarecommoninpatientswithperipheral,somatic,autonomic,or centralnervoussystemdisorders.Doctorsandpatientsalikefeelinhibitedwhenitcomestotalkingaboutsuchdys- functions,withsomeinterestingexceptions,whicharediscussedbrieflyinthehistorypartofthefirstchapterinthis volume. ThisvolumeoftheHandbookofClinicalNeurologypaysspecificattentiontothebestwaytoapproachpatients withsexualorurinarytractdysfunction.Thevolumestartswithchaptersontheanatomyandphysiologyofthegenital organsandurinarytract,includingdataobtainedwithfunctionalimaging.Disordersduetolesionsatalllevelsofthe nervoussystemandinrelationtothemajorneurologicdisordersaresystematicallydescribed.Finally,detailedatten- tionispaidtothemanagementandrehabilitationofneurologicpatientswithsexualandbladderdysfunction. WehavebeenfortunatetohaveasvolumeeditorsProfessorsDavidB.VodusˇekandFranc¸oisBoller,whohave assembled a truly international group of authors with acknowledged expertise in this particular area to contribute toanexcellentsynthesisoftheliterature.Wearegratefultothemandtoallthecontributors. Wehavereadandcommentedoneachofthechaptersinourcapacityasserieseditorsandbelievethatbothcli- niciansandbasicscientistswillfindmuchtoappealtotheminthisvolume.Notonlyisthereplentyofroomforclinical improvement in this field,but the morefundamental aspects of thesubject require increased attention from basic scientists.TheelectronicavailabilityofthisvolumeonElsevier’sScienceDirectsiteshouldensureitsreadyaccessi- bilityandfacilitatesearchesforspecificinformation. Asalways,itisapleasuretothankElsevier,ourpublishers–andinparticularMicaHaley,MichaelParkinson,and KristiAnderson–fortheirassistanceinthedevelopmentandproductionofthisvolume. MichaelJ.Aminoff DickF.Swaab This page intentionally left blank Preface Sexualandlowerurinarytract(LUT)dysfunctionarenotuncommoninthegeneralpopulation,buttheyaremuch more common in patients with neurologic disorders. Both may occur as the presenting symptom in an otherwise “neurologicallynormal”subjectwithadevelopingandasyetunrevealedneurologicdisease,asanisolatedphenom- enonafterlocalnerveinjury,orasaconsequenceofthecomplexissuesaccompanyingachronicneurologicdisorder. Whereas the link between nervous system involvement and the ensuing dysfunction is, at least in principle, rather straightforward in the case of a peripheral nerve lesion, the correlation gets increasingly complex when ascending thecentral nervous system.Indeed, even thenormalneuralcontrol ofboth organs, whichinclude thesomatic and theautonomicnervoussystemassignificantplayers,isnotcompletelyclear.Butresearchersinneurosciencehave become increasingly interestedin these issues, and we are proud to present in this volumethe reviews of some of themostpre-eminentworkersinthefield. Intherealmofclinicalwork,researchinneurogenicLUTandsexualdysfunctionhasnotkeptpacewiththemain- streamofmodernevidence-basedmedicine,andthishashamperedprogressandisfrustratinginpractice.Yet,knowl- edgeofsexualandLUTdysfunctionisclinicallypertinentforseveralreasons,notleastbecausesexualityandbladder controlaremajordeterminantsofqualityoflifeinpatientswithneurologicdisease.BothsexualandLUTdysfunction arecommoninneurologicdisorders,butpatientsoftenfailtomentionthemspontaneously–atleast,totheneuro- logist.Amongotherreasons,thereisthebeliefofpatientsthattheneurologistwould“notbetherightspecialist”to addresssuchproblems,andis“notinterested.”Moreoftenthannot,thisconvictionofpatientsmay,unfortunately, stillbecorrect.ItistheaimofthisvolumeoftheHandbooktotrytoreversethisattitudeandconvinceneurologiststhat sexualandLUTfunctionshouldbeaddressedintheirpatients,forreasonsofcorrectdiagnosis,possibletherapeutic consequencesandgainingtheirtrust.MoreresearchinsexualandLUTdysfunctioninneurologicpatientsisneeded, butwillonlybecomepossibleifneurologistsfullyembracetheneedtoaddresstheseissuesintheirpatients.Wehave managedtoconvincethecomparativelyfewpractitionersinthefieldtosharetheirexpertiseinthisHandbook,andwe hopetoprovideintherespectiveclinicalchaptersnotonlyanoverviewoftheepidemiology,pathophysiology,and clinicalpresentations,butalsosomeguidanceforpatientmanagement. ItshouldbementionedthatforthisvolumeintheHandbookseries,wemaynothave–intheopinionofsome– includedeverythingthatcomestomind,orindeedisrelevanttothetopic;forexample,wehaveintentionallyomitted theneurologyofthebowel,althoughitishighlyrelevantinmanypopulationsofneurologicpatients.Wenevertheless feelthatacomprehensiveHandbookonneurogenicboweldisordersismuchneededandthat,eventually,anintegrated workonneuroscientificandneurologicissuesrelatedtosexuality,fertility,andpregnancy;theurinarytract;bowel disorders;andpelvicandperinealchronicpainsyndromesshouldbeattempted,toprovideacomprehensiveoverview ofthenormalsomato-autonomicintegratedneuralcontroloftheseinterlacedfunctions,andtheneurogenicderange- mentsthereof. Weexpressourgratitudetotheauthorswhovaliantlycollaboratedinourendeavor.WethankDr.EllenFrankfor hersuggestionsduringthepreparatoryphasesofthisvolume.WealsothanktheeditorialstaffofElsevier,particularly MichaelParkinson,forhishelpintheproductionofthisbook. DavidB.Vodusˇek,Ljubljana,Slovenia Franc¸oisBoller,Washington,DC,USA
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