Neuroendocrinology. Volume II

777 Pages·1967·13.63 MB·English

by  Luciano Martini and William F. Ganong (Eds.)

Contributors to Volume II
CHARLES A. BARRACLOUGH LIS OLESEN LARSEN
MILDRED ELWERS BAR-SELA ROBERT D. LISK
M. T. CLEGG LEOLA LORENZEN
VAUGHN CRITCHLOW RONALD R. NOVALES
L. L. DOYLE ANDREAS OKSCHE
WILLIAM ETKIN JACK H. OPPENHEIMER
DONALD S. FARNER CHARLES H. PHOENIX
WILLIAM F. GANONG ANTONIA VERNADAKIS
ERNEST M. GOLD U. S. VON EULER
ROBERT W. GOY FRED E. WILSON
IRVINE R. HAGADORN DIXON M. WOODBURY
C. BARKER J0RGENSEN RICHARD J. WURTMAN
JULIAN I. KITAY WILLIAM C. YOUNG
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
EDITED BY
LUCIANO MARTINI
ISTITUTO DI FARMACOLOGIA E DI TERAPIA
UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI
MDLAN, ITALY
AND
WILLIAM F. GANONG
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
SAN FRANCISCO MEDICAL CENTER
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
VOLUME II
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London 1967
COPYRIGHT © 1967 BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
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List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
CHARLES A. BARRACLOUGH, Department of Physiology, School of Medi-
cine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (61)
MILDRED ELWERS BAR-SELA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medi-
cine, Baylor University, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas
(101)
M. T. CLEGG, Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Cali-
fornia, Davis, California (1)
VAUGHN CRITCHLOW, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,
Baylor University, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas (101)
L. L. DOYLE, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of
California, San Francisco, California (1)
WILLIAM ETKIN, Department of Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Yeshiva University, and The City College of New York,
New York, New York (261)
DONALD S. FARNER, Department of Zoology, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington (529)
WILLIAM F. GANONG, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California
(377, 583)
ERNEST M. GOLD, Department of Medicine, University of California
Center for the Health Sciences and Veterans Administration, Los
Angeles, California (377)
ROBERT W. GOY, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton,
Oregon, and University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon
(163)
IRVINE R. HAGADORN, Department of Zoology, The University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (439)
C. BARKER J0RGENSEN, Zoophysiological Laboratory A, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (485)
JULIAN I. KITAY, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, School of
Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (641)
Lis OLESEN LARSEN, Zoophysiological Laboratory A, University of Copen-
hagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (485)
v
VI LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ROBERT D. LISK, Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,
New Jersey (197)
LEOLA LORENZEN, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Uni-
versity of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California
(583)
RONALD R. NOVALES, Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois (241)
ANDREAS OKSCHE, Anatomisches Institut der Universität, Giessen, Ger-
many (529)
JACK H. OPPENHEIMER, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Medical Divi-
sion, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, New York, New
York (665)
CHARLES H. PHOENIX, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center,
Beaverton, Oregon, and University of Oregon Medical School, Port-
land, Oregon (163)
ANTONIA VERNADAKIS, Department of Pharmacology, University of Utah
College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (335)1
U. S. VON EULER, Fysiologiska Instituitionen, Karolinska Institut, Stock-
holm, Sweden (283)
FRED E. WILSON, Department of Zoology, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington (529)2
DIXON M. WOODBURY, Department of Pharmacology, University of Utah
College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (335)
RICHARD J. WURTMAN, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of
Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Section on Pharmacology, Labo-
ratory of Clinical Science, National Institutes of Mental Health,
Bethesda, Maryland (19)
WILLIAM C. YOUNG, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaver-
ton, Oregon, and University of Oregon Medical School, Portland,
Oregon (163)3
1 Present address: Department of Physiology, University of California, Berkeley,
California.
2 Present address: Department of Zoology, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas.
3 Deceased.
Preface
The two volumes of this treatise are designed to provide a survey of
all aspects of the rapidly expanding science of neuroendocrinology. Only
in recent years have the relations between the nervous system and the
endocrine system come under intensive scrutiny, but their interactions
have already been shown to be multiple and diverse. This diversity is
reflected in the range of subjects covered; there are chapters on: neural
control of endocrine function; the effects of hormones on the brain;
brain-endocrine interrelations during various phases of development;
and the comparative aspects of neuroendocrine integration. The rela-
tion of brain chemistry to endocrine function, the effect of drugs on
neuroendocrine mechanisms, and the new discipline of clinical neuro-
endocrinology have also been considered. Consequently, not only neuro-
physiologists and endocrinologists, but pharmacologists, zoologists, bio-
chemists, psychologists, and those in clinical medicine will find the
treatise of interest. Parts of neuroendocrinology have been discussed in
other works, but this is the first treatise of which we are aware in which
an attempt has been made to cover all ramifications of neuroendocrinol-
ogy. We believe it can be used both as a text for advanced students
and as a reference source.
The individual chapters have been written by experts in their fields.
Each author was instructed to make his chapter a survey of the present
status of the subject he covered, without attempting to review it in an
exhaustive or encyclopedic fashion. Those concerned with research
methods and procedures will be interested in Chapter 4 in which the
techniques of stereotaxis and making lesions are described and in the
appendix to this chapter in which references to the stereotaxic atlases
available for various animal species are provided.
Authors were encouraged to present their own opinions on contro-
versial subjects, and many of them have done so. Consequently, there
is not complete agreement on all subjects from chapter to chapter. How-
ever, the individual authors have done a good job of supporting their
points of view with relevant data and references, so the reader may
explore the controversies in depth and draw his own conclusions.
The preparation of this treatise was marred by the untimely death of
three outstanding neuroendocrinologists who were working on contribu-
tions to it. This treatise is dedicated to these three individuals—John D.
Green, Giuseppe Mangili, and William C. Young.
July, 1967 LUCIANO MARTINI
WILLIAM F. GANONG
vu
Contents of Volume 1
CHAPTER 1. Neuroendocrine Integrating Mechanisms
William F. Ganong
CHAPTER 2. The Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Peter M. Daniel
CHAPTER 3. Limbic and Other Neural Pathways That Regulate Endo-
crine Function
/. de Groot
CHAPTER 4. Stereotaxic Techniques and the Production of Lesions
Vernon Rowland
APPENDIX: Bibliography of Stereotaxic and Other Brain Atlases Ar-
ranged by Species
/. de Groot
CHAPTER 5. Neurosecretion
Howard A. Bern and Francis G. W. Knowles
CHAPTER 6. Control of Vasopressin Secretion
Wilbur H. Sawyer and Elliott Mills
CHAPTER 7. Neural Control of Oxytocin Secretion
B. A. Cross
CHAPTER 8. Hypothalamic Releasing Factors and the Neurovascular Link
between the Brain and the Anterior Pituitary
S. M. McCann and A. P. S. Dhariwal
CHAPTER 9. Control of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion
Giuseppe Mangili, Marcella Motta, and Luciano Martini
CHAPTER 10. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion in the Fetus and
Infant
Karmela Milkovic and Stevan Milkovic
CHAPTER 11. Neural and Other Mechanisms Regulating Aldosterone
Secretion
Patrick J. Mulrow
CHAPTER 12. Control of Thyrotropic Hormone Secretion
Seymour Reichlin
XV
xvi CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
CHAPTER 13. Control of Growth Hormone Secretion
Antonio Pecile and Eugenio E. Müller
CHAPTER 14. Control of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Male
Julian M. Davidson
CHAPTER 15. Control of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Female
Bêla Flerko
CHAPTER 16. Control of Mammary Growth and Lactation
Joseph Mettes
Author Index—Subject Index
ERRATUM
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, VOLUME I
(L. MARTINI AND W. F. GANONG, eds.)
The hst 9 lines on p. 146 should read:
of the teleost Carassius auratus (goldfish). Single-unit extracellular
records have also been acquired from the hypothalamus of several
mammalian species. None of the mammalian studies has revealed action
potentials of unusual duration; however, it was not possible to say that
any individual cell recorded was definitely neurosecretory.
Bennett and Fox (1962) have commented on the possible significance
not only of the long action potentials but also of the very slow conduc-
tion velocities recorded by them from the terminations of the caudal
neurons. It is possible that these features are related to the need for
XVll
CHAPTER 17
Role in Reproductive Physiology
of Afferent Impulses
from the Genitalia and Other Regions
M. T. CLEGG and L L. DOYLE
I. Introduction 1
II. Innervation of the Reproductive Tract 2
III. The Role of Peripheral Nerves in Reproductive Processes in
the Male 4
IV. The Role of Peripheral Nerves in Reproductive Processes in
the Female 5
V. Modification of Gonadal Function by Manipulation of the
Genital Tract 7
A. Effects of Uterine Distention 7
B. Intrauterine Foreign Bodies 8
C. Effects of Removal of Uterus 9
VI. Exteroceptive Stimuli Influencing Reproductive Processes .... 11
A. Olfactory Stimuli 11
B. Visual Stimuli 13
C. Auditory Stimuli 14
VII. Summary and Conclusions 15
References 15
I. Introduction
The involvement of neuroendocrine reflex mechanisms in a variety of
reproductive functions is implied by a number of observations. In reflex
ovulators such as the rabbit, cat, and ferret, stimuli applied to the ex-
ternal genitalia result in pituitary gonadotropin release and ovulation,
whereas in some spontaneous ovulators such as the rat and mouse, this
same stimulus causes pseudopregnancy. Olfactory stimuli supplied by
strange male mice block pregnancy. A seasonal change in length of day-
light appears to be the important factor regulating or monitoring annual
cycles of gonadal activity in many species. The influence of psychic
stimuli on reproductive function has been clearly demonstrated. For ex-
ample, when rams are placed with ewes shortly before the breeding sea-
son, the females display estrous activity; breeding and conception occur
1