Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage PDF
Preview Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage
The Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage Allan Siegel CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegel, Allan. The neurobiology of aggression and rage / Allan Siegel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-30834-8 (alk. paper) 1. Aggressiveness--Physiological aspects. 2. Anger--Physiological aspects. 3. Neuropsychology. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Neurobiology. 2. Aggression--physiology. 3. Rage--physiology. WL 102 S571n 2004] QP401.S555 2004 155.2′32—dc22 2004057043 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-415-30834-8 Library of Congress Card Number 2004057043 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page iii Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Dedication To the memory of Dr. John P. Flynn, whose dedication to scientific truth, scholarship, and ethical conduct represented the gold standard for those who were privileged to study under his guidance. “Who is strong? He who conquers his evil inclination, as it is said: ‘Better is one slow to anger than a strong man, and one who rules over his spirit than a conqueror of a city’ ” [Ethics of the Fathers, Chapter 4] Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page v Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Preface The basic goal of this book is to provide an up-to-date review and analysis of the biological factors and processes that are involved in the expression and control of rage and aggressive behavior. The major focus of the book is to provide an under- standing of the anatomical substrates of the major forms of aggression as well as to examine their basic underlying physiological, neurochemical and genetic mecha- nisms. This analysis is determined mainly from animal research in order to illustrate how such knowledge helps us to understand the neurology of human aggression. A final chapter provides the author’s views on how the neurobiology of aggression and rage can be utilized to understand and control our own aggressive tendencies. Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page vii Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM The Author Allan Siegel, Ph.D., is professor of neurosciences and psychiatry in the Departments of Neurology & Neuroscience and Psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School in Newark. For the past 39 years, Dr. Siegel’s research has been dedicated to the neurobiology of aggression and rage, including studies concerning neurophysiolog- ical and neurochemical mechanisms and neuroanatomical substrates for these pro- cesses. He has published over 260 papers and abstracts, including the Pretest Series in Neurosciences, and is co-authoring a textbook in neurosciences that is near completion. Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page ix Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Acknowledgment Portions of the research presented in this book were supported by NIH Grant NS 07941 and by grants from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation to the author. Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page xi Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Table of Contents Chapter 1 What Is Aggression? Animal Models of Aggression Other Models of Aggression Is Aggressive Behavior Bimodal? Offensive and Defensive Behavior Offense Defense Aggression Induced by Brain Stimulation in Rat: Limitations of Offense–Defense Dichotomy Defensive Rage (Affective Defense) versus Predatory Attack Do Equivalents to Affective Defense and Predatory Attack Exist in Humans? Affective Defense Predatory Attack Hostile versus Instrumental Aggression Summary References Chapter 2 History of the Neurology of Aggression and Rage Effects of Ablations Attempts to Identify Anatomical Locus of Rage Mechanism, and Notion of “Sham Rage” More Selective Forebrain and Brainstem Lesions Hypothalamus Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Limbic Structures Stimulation of Regions Mediating Aggression and Rage References Chapter 3 The Neuroanatomy of Aggression and Rage Neuroanatomical Methods Pathways Mediating Defensive Rage in Cats Hypothalamus Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Pathways Mediating Predatory Attack in Cats Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page xii Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Relationship between Predatory Attack and Defensive Rage: Linkage between Medial and Lateral Hypothalamus Hypothalamic Aggression in Rats Nature of Attack Response Attack Sites in Rats Efferent Pathways from Hypothalamus Mediating Attack in Rats Summary References Chapter 4 Physiological Processes and Mechanisms Diencephalon and Brainstem Relative Roles of Hypothalamus, Brainstem, and Other Regions in Expression of Aggression and Rage Hypothalamus Midbrain PAG and Related Structures Evidence from Studies Conducted in Rats Aggression in Other Species Induced by Brain Stimulation Physiological Properties of Stimulation-Induced Aggression and Rage Modulation from Hypothalamus and Periaqueductal Gray Other Effects of Electrical Stimulation of Attack Sites in Cats Neurophysiological Relationships Other Regions Associated with Rage and Aggression Role of Sensory Processes in Aggressive Behavior Olfaction Tactile Stimulation Motor Aspects of Predatory Attack Behavioral Properties of Attack Behavior Discriminative Properties of Aggression Reinforcing Properties of Rage and Aggression Aggression or Feeding? Avoidance, Play, and Predatory Attack Summary References Chapter 5 Limbic System I: Behavioral, Anatomical, and Physiological Considerations Hippocampal Formation Anatomical Considerations Relationship to Aggression and Rage Septal Area Anatomical Considerations Relationship to Aggression and Rage Amygdala Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC TF1661_C000.fm Page xiii Tuesday, October 26, 2004 10:31 AM Anatomical Considerations Afferent Connections Efferent Connections Relationship to Aggression and Rage Effects of Seizures Seizures Induced by Electrical Stimulation of Amygdala Effects of Amygdaloid Seizures on Spontaneously Elicited Attack Prefrontal Cortex and Cingulate Gyrus Background Anatomical Considerations Relationship to Aggression and Rage Related Structures of Limbic Forebrain: Substantia Innominata and Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Anatomical Considerations Relationship to Aggression and Rage Substantia Innominata Anatomical Considerations Relationship to Aggression Limbic System and Human Aggression Summary References Chapter 6 Limbic System II: Functional Neuroanatomy Methods Used Study Results Hippocampal Formation Principal Findings Conclusions Septal Area Principal Findings Conclusions Amygdala Principal Findings Basomedial Nucleus Cortical Nucleus Medial Nucleus Amygdalo-Hippocampal Area Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Anterior Amygdaloid Area Lateral Nucleus Central Nucleus Basolateral Nucleus Copyright © 2005 CRC Press LLC
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