Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System PDF
Preview Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System
Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System provides comprehensive coverage of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders emphasizing those disorders where expression of plasticity is evident. Including the basis for the expression of neural plasticity; how reorganization of the nervous system can cause hyperactivity in sensory systems producing central neuropathic pain, tinnitus and paresthesia; the role of little-known non-classical pathways in pain and sensory disorders and their subcortical connections; hyper- and hypoactivity of motor systems after injury, and the role of spinal reflexes and internal processing in the spinal cord. Phantom symptoms and disorders of nerves and associated disorders are discussed, along with disorders that can be cured by microvascular decompression operations. A detailed and comprehensivedescriptionoftheorganizationofpaincircuitsandsensoryand motor nervous systems is also included. Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System is aimed at students and graduates of neuroscience and medicine. DR. AAGE R. MØLLER is Professor and holder of the M. F. Jonsson Chair at the University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Callier Center for Communication Disorders. He teaches neuroscience, disorders of neurological disorders and the physiological and anatomical basis for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. Neural Plasticity and Disorders of the Nervous System Aage R. Møller cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambrid ge.org/9780521846677 © A. Møller 2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2006 isbn-13 978-0-511-13986-4 eBook(EBL) isbn-10 0-511-13986-1 eBook(EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-84667-7 hardback isbn-10 0-521-84667-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Acknowledgementspage vii List of abbreviations viii Introduction 1 1 Anatomical and physiological basis for neural plasticity 7 Introduction 7 1.1Advantagestotheorganismfromneuralplasticity 7 1.2Disadvantagestotheorganismfromneuralplasticity 13 1.3 Promotersofneuralplasticity 15 1.4 Basisforneuralplasticity 17 1.5 Diagnosisandtreatmentofdisorderscausedbyexpressionofneural plasticity 32 2 Nerves 42 Introduction 42 2.1 Symptomsandsignsofdisordersofnerves 43 2.2 Anatomyandphysiologyofnerves 47 2.3 Pathologiesofnerves 51 2.4 Pathophysiologyofdisordersofnerves 57 3 Sensory systems 68 Introduction 68 3.1 Generalorganizationandfunctionofsensorysystems 69 3.2 Disordersofsensorysystems 94 3.3 Disordersofthesensorynervoussystem 108 3.4 Pathophysiologyofdisordersofsensorysystems 117 v vi Contents 4Pain149 Introduction 149 4.1 Differentformsofpain 151 4.2 Organizationofnormalpainsystems 160 4.3 Physiologyofnociceptorpain 180 4.4 Pathophysiologyofpain 187 4.5 Treatmentofcentralneuropathicpain 220 5 Movement disorders 241 Introduction 241 5.1 Disordersofmotorsystems 242 5.2 Generalorganizationofmotorsystems 251 5.3 Pathophysiologyofmovementdisorders 298 5.4 Theroleofneuralplasticityinrehabilitation 319 6 Cranial nerves and neurotology 330 Introduction 330 6.1 Symptomsandsignsofdisordersofcranialnerves 331 6.2 Vestibulardisorders 341 6.3 Anatomyandphysiologyofcranialnerves 344 6.4 Pathophysiologyofcranialnerves 357 6.5 Pathophysiologyofthevestibularsystem 371 6.6 Treatmentbenefitsfromknowingpathophysiology 374 Index 386 Acknowledgements I have had valuable help from many individuals in writing this book. I want especiallytothankMarkSteckert,MD,Ph.D.,KeithTansey,MD,Ph.D.,CarlNoe, MD, and Margareta B. Møller, MD, D. Med.Sci., for their valuable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Steve Lomber, Ph.D., and Tres Thompson, Ph.D., also provided valuable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. ManyofmystudentsattheUniversityofTexasatDallasSchoolofBehavioral and Brain Sciences have provided valuable feedback and comments. I want to thank Hilda Dorsett for preparing most of the artwork for the book, and Renee Workings and Erik Lakes for help with editing the manuscript. IalsowanttothankMartinGriffiths,Editor,andJayneAldhouse,Production Manager, Cambridge University Press, for their excellent work on the book. I would not have been able to write this book without the support of the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas. Last but not least I also want to thank my wife, Margareta B. Møller, for her patience with my absorption in this book and for her encouragement during my writing of it. Dallas, June 2004 Aage R. Møller, Ph.D. (D. Med.Sci) vii Abbreviations 5-HT Serotonin AI Primary auditory cortex ABR Auditory brainstem responses ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPA Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid AP Action potential BDNF Brain derived neurotrophic factor BK Bradykinin BPPV Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo CCK Cholecystokinin CGRP Calcitonin gene-related peptide, CM Centromedian (nucleus of thalamus) CMAP Compound muscle action potentials CMT-I Charcot-Marie-Tooth CN Cranial nerve CNS Central nervous system CPG Central pattern generator CRPS I Complex regional pain syndrome type I CRPS II Complex regional pain syndrome type II DBS Deep brain (electrical) stimulation DLPT Dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum DPV Disabling positional vertigo DREZ Dorsal root entry zone DRG Dorsal root ganglia EMG Electromyography EP Epinephrine viii List of abbreviations ix EPSP Excitatory post synaptic potentials FRA Flexor reflex afferents GABA Gamma aminobutyric acid GAD Glutamic acid decarboxylase GBS Guillain-Barre syndrome Gly Glycine GPe Globus pallidus external part GPi Globus pallidus internal part GPN Glossopharyngeal neuralgia H+ Proton HD Huntington’s disease HFS Hemifacial spasm HMSN-I Hereditary motor sensory neuropathies HTM High threshold mechanoreceptors IASP International Association for the Study of Pain IC Inferior colliculus ICC Central nucleus of the IC IPS Intraparietal sulcus LGN Lateral geniculate nucleus LGP Lateral segment of pallidus LTM Low threshold mechanoreceptors LTR Local twitch response MGB Medial geniculate body MGP Medial segment of globus pallidus MI Primary motor cortex MLF Medial longitudinal fasciculus MLR Middle latency responses MPTP Methylphenyltetrahydropyridine MS Multiple sclerosis MSA Multiple system atrophy MVD Microvascular decompression NA Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) NE Norepinephrine NIHL Noise induced hearing loss NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate NST Nucleus of the solitary tract PAG Periaqueductal gray PD Parkinson’s disease PF Prefrontal (cortex) PMA Premotor (cortical) areas
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