Network Routing Algorithms Protocols and Architectures

957 Pages·2007·23.05 MB·English

Network Routing
The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking
SeriesEditor,DavidClark,M.I.T.
ComputerNetworks:ASystemsApproach,4e NetworkArchitecture,Analysis,andDesign,2e
LarryL.PetersonandBruceS.Davie JamesD.McCabe
NetworkRouting:Algorithms,Protocols,andArchitectures MPLSNetworkManagement:MIBs,Tools,andTechniques
DeepankarMedhiandKarthikeyanRamasamy ThomasD.Nadeau
DeployingIPandMPLSQoSforMultiserviceNetworks: DevelopingIP-BasedServices:SolutionsforServiceProviders
TheoryandPractice andVendors
JohnEvansandClarenceFilsfils MoniqueMorrowandKateelVijayananda
TrafficEngineeringandQoSOptimizationofIntegratedVoice TelecommunicationsLawintheInternetAge
andDataNetworks SharonK.Black
GeraldR.Ash
OpticalNetworks:APracticalPerspective,2e
IPv6CoreProtocolsImplementation RajivRamaswamiandKumarN.Sivarajan
QingLi,TatuyaJinmei,andKeiichiShima
InternetQoS:ArchitecturesandMechanisms
SmartPhoneandNext-GenerationMobileComputing ZhengWang
PeiZhengandLionelNi
TCP/IPSocketsinJava:PracticalGuideforProgrammers
GMPLS:ArchitectureandApplications
MichaelJ.DonahooandKennethL.Calvert
AdrianFarrelandIgorBryskin
TCP/IPSocketsinC:PracticalGuideforProgrammers
NetworkSecurity:APracticalApproach
KennethL.CalvertandMichaelJ.Donahoo
JanL.Harrington
MulticastCommunication:Protocols,Programming,and
ContentNetworking:Architecture,Protocols,andPractice
Applications
MarkusHofmannandLelandR.Beaumont
RalphWittmannandMartinaZitterbart
NetworkAlgorithmics:AnInterdisciplinaryApproachto
MPLS:TechnologyandApplications
DesigningFastNetworkedDevices
BruceS.DavieandYakovRekhter
GeorgeVarghese
High-PerformanceCommunicationNetworks,2e
NetworkRecovery:ProtectionandRestorationofOptical,
JeanWalrandandPravinVaraiya
SONET-SDH,IP,andMPLS
JeanPhilippeVasseur,MarioPickavet,and
InternetworkingMultimedia
PietDemeester
JonCrowcroft,MarkHandley,andIanWakeman
Routing,Flow,andCapacityDesigninCommunicationand
UnderstandingNetworkedApplications:AFirstCourse
ComputerNetworks
DavidG.Messerschmitt
MichałPióroandDeepankarMedhi
IntegratedManagementofNetworkedSystems:Concepts,
WirelessSensorNetworks:AnInformationProcessing
Architectures,andtheirOperationalApplication
Approach
Heinz-GerdHegering,SebastianAbeck,andBernhard
FengZhaoandLeonidasGuibas
Neumair
CommunicationNetworking:AnAnalyticalApproach
VirtualPrivateNetworks:MakingtheRightConnection
AnuragKumar,D.Manjunath,andJoyKuri
DennisFowler
TheInternetandItsProtocols:AComparativeApproach
NetworkedApplications:AGuidetotheNewComputing
AdrianFarrel
Infrastructure
ModernCableTelevisionTechnology:Video,Voice,andData DavidG.Messerschmitt
Communications,2e
WalterCiciora,JamesFarmer,DavidLarge,andMichael WideAreaNetworkDesign:ConceptsandToolsfor
Adams Optimization
RobertS.Cahn
BluetoothApplicationProgrammingwiththeJavaAPIs
C.BalaKumar,PaulJ.Kline,andTimothyJ.Thompson
Policy-BasedNetworkManagement:SolutionsfortheNext Forfurtherinformationonthesebooksandforalistof
Generation forthcomingtitles,
JohnStrassner pleasevisitourWebsiteathttp://www.mkp.com.
Network Routing
Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
Deepankar Medhi
Karthikeyan Ramasamy
AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON
NEWYORK•OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO
MorganKaufmannisanimprintofElsevier
SeniorAcquisitionsEditor RickAdams
AcquisitionsEditor RachelRoumeliotis
PublishingServicesManager GeorgeMorrison
SeniorProductionEditor DawnmarieSimpson
CoverDesign EricDeCicco/YvoRiezebosDesign
CoverImage GettyImages
Composition VTEX
Copyeditor SPi
Proofreader SPi
Indexer SPi
Interiorprinter TheMaple-VailBookManufacturingGroup
Coverprinter PhoenixColor,Inc.
MorganKaufmannPublishersisanimprintofElsevier.
500SansomeStreet,Suite400,SanFrancisco,CA94111
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
(cid:2)c2007byElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarksorregisteredtrademarks.
InallinstancesinwhichMorganKaufmannPublishersisawareofaclaim,theproductnamesappearininitialcapitalor
allcapitalletters.Readers,however,shouldcontacttheappropriatecompaniesformorecompleteinformationregarding
trademarksandregistration.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans—
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,scanning,orotherwise—withoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(+44)
1865843830,fax:[phone],E-mail:[e-mail]questonlineviathe
Elsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselecting
“Support&Contact”then“CopyrightandPermission”andthen“ObtainingPermissions.”
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Medhi,Deepankar.
Networkrouting:algorithms,protocols,andarchitectures/DeepankarMedhi,KarthikeyanRamasamy.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-12-088588-6(hardcover:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-12-088588-3(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Computernetworks.2.Routers(Computernetworks)3.Computer
networkarchitectures.I.Ramasamy,Karthikeyan,1967-II.Title.
TK5105.5.M4252007
004.6–dc22
2006028700
ISBN13:978-0-12-088588-6
ISBN10:0-12-088588-3
ForinformationonallMorganKaufmannpublications,
visitourWebsiteatwww.mkp.comorwww.books.elsevier.com
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
07080910 54321
To Karen, Neiloy, and Robby: the core routers in our dynamic network where the distance
costvariesinstantaneouslyandovertime,andwherealternateroutingandloopingoccur...
Love,
Deep/Dad
Tomyparents,R.ChellammalandN.Ramasamy—backplaneofmylife.
Loveandregards,
Karthik
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Foreword xxiii
Preface xxv
AbouttheAuthors xxxi
Part I: Network Routing: Basics and Foundations 1
1 NetworkingandNetwork Routing:AnIntroduction 2
1.1 AddressingandInternetService:AnOverview 4
1.2 NetworkRouting:AnOverview 5
1.3 IPAddressing 7
1.3.1 ClassfulAddressingScheme 8
1.3.2 Subnetting/Netmask 9
1.3.3 ClasslessInterdomainRouting 10
1.4 OnArchitectures 11
1.5 ServiceArchitecture 12
1.6 ProtocolStackArchitecture 13
1.6.1 OSIReferenceModel 13
1.6.2 IPProtocolStackArchitecture 14
1.7 RouterArchitecture 19
1.8 NetworkTopologyArchitecture 20
1.9 NetworkManagementArchitecture 21
1.10 PublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork 21
1.11 CommunicationTechnologies 22
1.12 StandardsCommittees 24
1.12.1 InternationalTelecommunicationUnion 24
1.12.2 InternetEngineeringTaskForce 25
1.12.3 MFAForum 25
1.13 LastTwoBits 25
1.13.1 Type-Length-Value 25
1.13.2 NetworkProtocolAnalyzer 26
viii Contents
1.14 Summary 26
FurtherLookup 27
Exercises 27
2 RoutingAlgorithms:ShortestPathandWidestPath 30
2.1 Background 31
2.2 Bellman–FordAlgorithmandtheDistanceVectorApproach 33
2.2.1 CentralizedView:Bellman–FordAlgorithm 33
2.2.2 DistributedView:ADistanceVectorApproach 36
2.3 Dijkstra’sAlgorithm 38
2.3.1 CentralizedApproach 38
2.3.2 DistributedApproach 40
2.4 ComparisonoftheBellman–FordAlgorithmandDijkstra’sAlgorithm 42
2.5 ShortestPathComputationwithCandidatePathCaching 43
2.6 WidestPathComputationwithCandidatePathCaching 45
2.7 WidestPathAlgorithm 47
2.7.1 Dijkstra-BasedApproach 47
2.7.2 Bellman–Ford-BasedApproach 49
2.8 k-ShortestPathsAlgorithm 49
2.9 Summary 51
FurtherLookup 53
Exercises 53
3 RoutingProtocols: Framework andPrinciples 56
3.1 RoutingProtocol,RoutingAlgorithm,andRoutingTable 57
3.2 RoutingInformationRepresentationandProtocolMessages 59
3.3 DistanceVectorRoutingProtocol 60
3.3.1 ConceptualFrameworkandIllustration 60
3.3.2 WhyTimersMatter 66
3.3.3 Solutions 70
3.3.4 CanWeAvoidLoops? 74
3.3.5 DistanceVectorProtocolBasedonDiffusingComputationwith
CoordinatedUpdate 74
3.4 LinkStateRoutingProtocol 82
3.4.1 LinkStateProtocol:In-BandHop-by-HopDisseminations 83
3.4.2 LinkStateProtocol:In-BandBasedonEnd-to-EndSession 91
3.4.3 RouteComputation 92
3.5 PathVectorRoutingProtocol 93
3.5.1 BasicPrinciple 93
3.5.2 PathVectorwithPathCaching 97
3.6 LinkCost 102
3.6.1 ARPANETRoutingMetrics 102
3.6.2 OtherMetrics 103
Contents ix
3.7 Summary 104
FurtherLookup 105
Exercises 105
4 Network FlowModeling 108
4.1 Terminologies 109
4.2 Single-CommodityNetworkFlow 110
4.2.1 AThree-NodeIllustration 110
4.2.2 FormalDescriptionandMinimumCostRoutingObjective 111
4.2.3 VariationinObjective:LoadBalancing 114
4.2.4 VariationinObjective:AverageDelay 116
4.2.5 SummaryandApplicability 117
4.3 MulticommodityNetworkFlow:Three-NodeExample 118
4.3.1 MinimumCostRoutingCase 118
4.3.2 LoadBalancing 123
4.3.3 AverageDelay 125
4.4 MulticommodityNetworkFlowProblem:GeneralFormulation 128
4.4.1 BackgroundonNotation 129
4.4.2 Link-PathFormulation 130
4.4.3 Node-LinkFormulation 135
4.5 MulticommodityNetworkFlowProblem:Non-SplittableFlow 137
4.6 Summary 138
FurtherLookup 139
Exercises 139
Part II: Routing in IP Networks 141
5 IPRoutingandDistanceVectorProtocolFamily 142
5.1 Routers,Networks,andRoutingInformation:SomeBasics 143
5.1.1 RoutingTable 143
5.1.2 CommunicationofRoutingInformation 146
5.2 StaticRoutes 146
5.3 RoutingInformationProtocol,Version1(RIPv1) 147
5.3.1 CommunicationandMessageFormat 147
5.3.2 GeneralOperation 149
5.3.3 IsRIPv1GoodtoUse? 150
5.4 RoutingInformationProtocol,Version2(RIPv2) 150
5.5 InteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol(IGRP) 153
5.5.1 PacketFormat 153
5.5.2 ComputingCompositeMetric 154
5.6 EnhancedInteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol(EIGRP) 157
5.6.1 PacketFormat 157
5.7 RouteRedistribution 160
5.8 Summary 161