Network Coding. Fundamentals and Applications

332 Pages·2012·6.94 MB·English

by  Muriel Medard and Alex Sprintson (Eds.)

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NETWORK CODING
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NETWORK CODING
Fundamentals and
Applications
Editedby
MURIELME´DARD
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA
ALEXSPRINTSON
TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA
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PREFACE
The network coding area was initiated at the turn of the millennium in
a seminal paper by Ahlswede, Cai, and Yeung, and since then has capti-
vated the researchers and practitioners around the world. Recent research
effortsshedlightonmanyexcitingnetworkcodingproblems,fundamental
capacitylimits,andperformancegains.Theresearcherswereabletodesign
capacity-achieving network codes for several important practical settings,
establish computational complexity of several fundamental network cod-
ing problems, and devise efficient network coding algorithms. In addition,
the researchers discovered deep connections between network coding and
otherareasofnetworking,complexitytheory,graphtheory,matroidtheory,
coding theory, and information theory.
Despite significant progress on the theoretical front, practical applica-
tionsofnetworkcodingareonlybeginningtoemerge.Whilethenetwork
codingtechniquehasbeensuccessfullyappliedinmanyareas,mostnotably
content distribution systems, there is a significant untapped potential for
leveraging network coding for improving performance in wireless net-
works, storage networks, disruption-tolerant networks, and other areas.
In addition, the network coding technique has a significant potential to
improve security, robustness, manageability, and support of Quality of
Service in wired and wireless environments.
This book provides an accessible tutorial introduction and a compre-
hensive survey of practical applications of network coding in various areas
of networking and distributed computing. Our goal is to expose the rich-
nessofnetworkcodingapplicationsandpresentnewexcitingopportunities
in network coding research. The book consists of ten chapters written by
recognized experts in the field. Each chapter focuses on a specific appli-
cation area and is written in a clear way, using minimum mathematical
notation, so every reader familiar with the basic networking concepts will
beabletounderstandthematerial.Eachchapterprovidesacomprehensive
literature survey with references to the most relevant work in the area for
future reading.
Chapter1isatutorial-styleintroductiontothebasicsofnetworkcoding
and provides an overview of the network information flow, linear network
xiii
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xiv Preface
coding, the polynomial-time algorithm for code construction, random
network coding, coding advantage, subspace transmissions, and nonlinear
network codes.
Chapter 2 focuses on the key principles that form the foundation of
the network coding implementation in wireless networks. The chapter
discusses the principles of opportunistic listening and coding, as well as
thedetailsoftheforwardingarchitectureandnetworkcodingperformance
gains. The chapter also describes the principles of analog network coding.
Chapter 3 discusses the applications of network coding in peer-to-peer
networkswiththefocusoncontentdistributionandmultimediastreaming.
Thechapterexploresthepossibledesignspaceofpeer-to-peersystemswith
network coding, and shows the advantages of using the coding technique
in this setting.
Chapter4discussestheimplementationofnetworkcodingoncommer-
cial mobile platforms. The chapter describes basic system components and
design choices as well as practical problems and performance issues associ-
atedwithimplementationofnetworkcodingalgorithmsinmobilephones.
Chapter 5 discusses the applications of network coding in LTE net-
works. The authors focus on user-cooperation schemes for erasure recov-
ery, and show that leveraging network coding techniques yields significant
performance gains.
Chapter 6 focuses on mobile ad hoc networks and describes a fully
implemented communication system based on a network coding protocol
stack.Thechapterexaminespracticalimplementationissuesassociatedwith
implementation of network coding on an embedded system and presents
results from field experiments.
Chapter 7 focuses on applications of network coding for improving
network security. The chapter covers passive adversaries who only have
eavesdropping capabilities and active adversaries who can perform both
eavesdropping and jamming. The chapter also discusses adversaries with
limited computational power.
Chapter 8 discusses connections between network coding, source
coding, and data compression.
Chapter9focusesontheperformanceofnetworkcodinginwirelessnet-
worksunderseveralscalingregimes,includingthenetworksize,thecoding
windowsize,thenumberofflowsinthenetwork,andtheapplicationdelay
constraints.Thechapterderivesandanalyzesscalinglawsthathelpquantify
theperformanceofnetworkcodingschemesinlargenetworks.
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Preface xv
Chapter 10 focuses on the application of network coding in delay and
disruption tolerant networks. The chapter discusses unique challenges that
arise in the design of such networks and shows that the network coding
technique is instrumental in addressing these challenges. The chapter cov-
ers transmission and buffer management, and recovery schemes, as well
as coding benefits in energy efficiency and improving delay-transmission
tradeoffs.
TARGETAUDIENCE
The book is intended for researchers and practitioners who are interested
in the general area of network coding and its applications in various areas
of communication networks. We assume that the readers of this book have
only a general background in networking, with no prior exposure to the
network coding techniques or applications of network coding. This book
will be ideal for a networking professional who would like to gain basic
knowledge in this area and learn about the application of this technique.
The book will also be valuable for graduate students who would like to
conduct research on network coding. The book can be used as a textbook
or a reference book in courses that focus on network coding or advanced
coding technologies.
Muriel Me´dard
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Alex Sprintson
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to all contributors for their dedication, enthusiasm, and
commitmentinwritingandrevisingthechapters.Clearly,thisbookwould
not be possible without their very generous efforts. We are also thank-
ful to Danilo Silva for his help in reviewing the chapters; Tim Pitts,
Naomi Robertson, Charlotte Kent and Lisa Jones from Academic Press
for their support, encouragement, flexibility, understanding, and help with
all aspects of the editorial work. Last but not least we are thankful to our
spouses and families for their encouragement, sacrifice in giving us free
time to work on the project, and providing inspiration.
xvii
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ABOUT THE EDITORS
MURIELME´DARD
Muriel Me´dard received B.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Com-
puter Science (EECS), in Mathematics and in Humanities, as well as M.S.
and Sc.D. degrees EE, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT).
SheisaProfessorintheEECSDepartmentatMIT.Shewaspreviously
an Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and
a Staff Member at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Her research interests are in
network coding, as well as optical and wireless networks.
Muriel has served as an Associate Editor (AE) for the Optical Com-
municationsandNetworkingSeriesoftheIEEEJournalonSelectedAreasin
Communications(JSAC),fortheIEEETransactionsonInformationTheory(IT),
and for the OSA Journal of Optical Networking. She has been Guest Editor
for the IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology (JLT), for IT (twice), for
JSAC,andfortheIEEETransactionsonInformationForensicsandSecurity.She
is an AE for JLT. She has served as Technical Program Co-chair of IEEE
ISIT, of WiOpt, and of ACM CoNEXT.
She is a recipient of the 2009 IEEE William R. Bennett Prize in the
Field of Communications Networking, the 2009 IEEE Joint Information
Theory/Communications Society Paper Prize, the 2002 IEEE Leon K.
Kirchmayer Prize Paper Award, and the Best Paper Award at the Fourth
International Workshop on the Design of Reliable Communication Net-
works,2003.ShereceivedanNSFCAREERAwardin2001andthe2004
Harold E. Edgerton Faculty Achievement Award at MIT. She was named
a 2007 Gilbreth Lecturer by the National Academy of Engineering. She
has served on the Board of Governors of the IEEE Information Theory
Society for several years, currently as First Vice-President.
ALEXSPRINTSON
Alex Sprintson received the B.Sc. degree (summa cum laude), M.Sc., and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Technion–Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa, in 1995, 2001, and 2003, respectively.
xix
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xx AbouttheEditors
Alex is an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station. From
2003 to 2005, he was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena. His research interests lie in the general
areaofcommunicationnetworkswithafocusonnetworkcoding,network
survivability and robustness network algorithms, and QoS routing.
Dr. Sprintson received the Viterbi Postdoctoral Fellowship and the
NSF CAREER award. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE Commu-
nications Letters and Computer Networks Journal. He has been a member of
the Technical Program Committee for IEEE Infocom 2006–2012.