Network Analysis – JNTU (K)

750 Pages·2015·24.084 MB·English

by  A Sudhakar, Shyammohan S Palli

As per the
Latest Syllabus
of JNTU
Kakinada
Network Analysis
About the Authors
A Sudhakar is presently working as Principal at RVR and JC
College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. He obtained
his B.Tech degree (1978-83) from V R Siddartha Engineering
College affiliated to Acharya Nagarjuna University, and ME
from Jadavpur University, Kolkata (1983-85). Thereafter, he
obtained his PhD from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, in
2002. He has 29 years of teaching and research experience in the field of Electronics
and Communication Engineering and has also worked as Associate Professor at
AIMST, Malaysia, during 2003-2005. Presently, he is a member of Planning and
Monitoring Board and Senate Member of Acharya Nagarjuna University. He is a
member of various professional societies like IEEE, SEMCEI, ISTE and Fellow
in IETE. He visited several countries—Malaysia, Singapore, Russia, Sweden—to
present papers in International conferences. He has published more than 50 papers
in various national and international journals and has co-authored several books,
all published by McGraw Hill Education India. He has completed and working on
various research and sponsored projects funded by AICTE and UGC, Govt. of India.
His fields of interest include Circuits, Signals and systems and Array Antennas. He
received the Prathibha Puraskar from TR Mahesh Charitable Trust, Guntur, for his
services in the field of Higher Education, Andhra Pradesh, in July 2014. He has
received a Certificate of Excellence for his outstanding services, achievements and
contributions to the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering by the
IETE Vijayawada centre on the occasion of IETE Foundation Day in November
2014.
Shyammohan S Palli is Professor and Head of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Sir C R Reddy College
of Engineering, Eluru, affiliated to Andhra University. He
obtained his BTech degree in electrical engineering from College
of Engineering, Kakinada (JNTU), in 1978 and also completed
his MTech in 1980 from the same college and university. Prior to
his current assignment, he has worked at SIT, Tumkur, during 1981, at KL College
of Engineering during 1981–87, and at RVR and JC College of Engineering during
1987–2001.
He has over 34 years of teaching experience and has taught various courses in
electrical and electronics engineering. Some of his papers were also published in
national and international journals. He has co-authored books on networks and circuits
for JNTU, Anna University, UP Technological University and Vishveshwaraiah
Technological University. Presently, he is pursuing his research work in Andhra
University under the guidance of Dr K A Gopalarao. His areas of interest include
Control Systems, Power Systems, and Operation and Control.
As per the
Latest Syllabus
of JNTU
Kakinada
Network Analysis
A Sudhakar
Principal and Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
RVR and JC College of Engineering
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
Shyammohan S Palli
Professor and Head
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering
Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
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Network Analysis – JNTU (K)
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Contents
Preface xiii
Roadmap to the Syllabus xv
1. INTrodUcTIoN To ElEcTrIcAl cIrcUITS 1.1–1.129
1.1 Network Elements Classification 1.1
1.1.1 Active and Passive 1.2
1.1.2 Bilateral and Unilateral 1.2
1.1.3 Linear and Nonlinear Elements 1.2
1.1.4 Lumped and Distributed 1.2
1.2 Electric Charge and Current 1.2
1.3 Electric Energy and Potential 1.3
1.4 Power and Energy 1.4
1.5 Resistance Parameter 1.5
1.6 Inductance Parameter 1.6
1.6.1 Inductance in Series 1.9
1.6.2 Inductance in Parallel 1.10
1.7 Capacitance Parameter 1.11
1.7.1 Capacitance in Series 1.13
1.7.2 Capacitance in Parallel 1.14
1.7.3 V–I Relation of Passive Elements for
Different Input Signals 1.16
1.8 Energy Sources: Ideal, Non-ideal, Independent
and Dependent Sources 1.30
1.9 Source Transformation 1.32
1.10 Kirchhoff’s Laws—Resistance Series and
Parallel Combination 1.40
1.10.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 1.40
1.10.2 Voltage Division 1.43
1.10.3 Power in Series Circuit 1.45
1.10.4 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 1.47
1.10.5 Parallel Resistance 1.50
1.10.6 Current Division 1.51
1.10.7 Power in Parallel Circuit 1.55
1.11 Mesh Analysis 1.73
1.11.1 Mesh Equations by Inspection Method 1.76
1.11.2 Supermesh Analysis 1.88
1.12 Nodal Analysis 1.93
1.12.1 Nodal Equations by Inspection Method 1.96
1.12.2 Supernode Analysis 1.104
Practice Problems 1.115
Objective Type Questions 1.124
viii Contents
2. Ac FUNdAmENTAlS ANd NETworK ToPology 2.1–2.96
2.1 Definitions of Terms Associated with Periodic Functions 2.1
2.1.1 Time Period, Angular Velocity and Frequency 2.1
2.2 Voltage and Current Values of Sinusoidal Wave 2.8
2.2.1 Instantaneous Value 2.8
2.2.2 Peak Value 2.8
2.2.3 Peak to Peak Value 2.9
2.2.4 Average Value 2.9
2.2.5 Root Mean Square Value or Effective Value 2.10
2.2.6 Peak Factor 2.13
2.2.7 Form Factor 2.13
2.3 Phase Angle and Phasor Representation 2.23
2.3.1 j Notation 2.25
2.3.2 Complex and Polar Forms 2.26
2.4 Operations with Complex Numbers
(Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division) 2.28
2.5 Principle of Duality 2.28
2.6 Definitions of Branch, Node, Planar and Non-planar Graphs 2.37
2.7 Tree and Co-Tree 2.39
2.8 Twigs and Links 2.41
2.9 Incidence Matrix (A) 2.42
2.9.1 Properties of Incidence Matrix (A) 2.44
2.9.2 Incidence Matrix and KCL 2.46
2.10 Basic Tie-Set Matrices for Planar Networks 2.48
2.10.1 Tie-Set Matrix 2.49
2.10.2 Tie-set Matrix and Branch Currents 2.50
2.11 Basic Cut-Set for Planar Networks 2.67
2.11.1 Cut-set Orientation 2.68
2.11.2 Cut-set Matrix and KCL for Cut-sets 2.68
2.11.3 Fundamental Cut-sets 2.74
2.11.4 Tree Branch Voltages and f-Cut-set Matrix 2.75
Practice Problems 2.90
Objective Type Questions 2.93
3. STEAdy STATE ANAlySIS oF Ac cIrcUITS 3.1–3.105
3.1 Response to Sinusoidal Excitation 3.1
3.1.1 Pure Resistance 3.1
3.1.2 Pure Inductance 3.2
3.1.3 Pure Capacitance 3.4
3.2 Impedance Concept and Phase Angle 3.6
3.3 Series RL, RC, RLC Circuits 3.8
3.4 Complex Impedance and Phasor Notation for
RL, RC, RLC Circuits 3.16
Contents ix
3.4.1 Instantaneous Power 3.21
3.4.2 Average Power 3.23
3.4.3 Apparent Power and Power Factor 3.24
3.4.4 Real and Reactive Power 3.26
3.4.5 The Power Triangle 3.27
3.5 Steady State AC Mesh Analysis 3.57
3.5.1 Mesh Equations by Inspection 3.59
3.6 Steady State AC Nodal Analysis 3.66
3.6.1 Nodal Equations by Inspection 3.69
3.7 Star-Delta Conversion 3.78
3.7.1 Star-Delta Transformation: Resistances 3.78
3.7.2 Star – Delta Transformation: Impedances 3.88
Practice Problems 3.92
Objective Type Questions 3.101
4 coUPlEd cIrcUITS ANd rESoNANcE 4.1–4.97
4.1 Introduction to Coupled Circuits 4.1
4.1.1 Conductively Coupled Circuit and Mutual Impedance 4.2
4.1.2 Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance 4.3
4.1.3 Dot Rule of Coupled Circuits 4.4
4.1.4 Coefficient of Coupling 4.10
4.1.5 Ideal Transformer 4.15
4.2 Analysis of Coupled Circuits 4.23
4.2.1 Series Connection of Coupled Circuits 4.24
4.2.2 Parallel Connection of Coupled Circuits 4.29
4.3 Conductively Coupled Equivalent Circuits—Tuned Circuits 4.37
4.3.1 Single Tuned Circuit 4.37
4.3.2 Double Tuned Coupled Circuits 4.41
4.4 Series Resonance 4.43
4.4.1 Impedance and Phase Angle of a Series Resonant Circuit 4.47
4.4.2 Voltage and Current in a Series Resonant Circuit 4.51
4.4.3 Bandwidth of Series Resonance 4.54
4.4.4 The Quality Factor (Q) and its Effect on Bandwidth 4.57
4.4.5 Magnification in Series Resonant Circuit 4.58
4.5 Parallel Resonance, Anti-Resonance at all Frequencies 4.74
4.5.1 Resistance Present in both Branches 4.74
4.5.2 Resonant Frequency for a Tank Circuit 4.76
4.5.3 Condition for Maximum Impedance 4.84
4.5.4 Bandwidth and Q Factor of Parallel Resonance 4.85
4.5.5 Magnification in Parallel Resonant Circuit 4.87
4.5.6 Reactance Curves in Parallel Resonance 4.87
Practice Problems 4.91
Objective Type Questions 4.95
x Contents
5. NETworK ThEorEmS 5.1–5.109
5.1 Network Theorems with DC Excitation 5.1
5.1.1 Thevenin’s Theorem 5.1
5.1.2 Norton’s Theorem 5.17
5.1.3 Millman’s Theorem 5.26
5.1.4 Reciprocity Theorem 5.29
5.1.5 Compensation and Substitution Theorem 5.34
5.1.6 Superposition Theorem 5.36
5.1.7 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 5.49
5.1.8 Tellegen’s Theorem 5.54
5.2 Network Theorems with AC Excitations 5.58
5.2.1 Thevenin’s Theorem 5.58
5.2.2 Norton’s Theorem 5.66
5.2.3 Millman’s Theorem 5.75
5.2.4 Reciprocity Theorem 5.78
5.2.5 Compensation and Substitution Theorems 5.82
5.2.6 Superposition Theorem 5.85
5.2.7 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 5.91
5.2.8 Tellegen’s Theorem 5.97
Practice Problems 5.99
Objective Type Questions 5.106
6. Two-PorT NETworKS 6.1–6.69
6.1 Relationship of Two-Port Network 6.1
6.2 Open Circuit Impedance (Z) Parameters 6.2
6.3 Short Circuit Admittance (Y) Parameters 6.5
6.4 Transmission (ABCD) Line Parameters 6.9
6.4.1 Cascade Connection 6.10
6.5 Inverse Transmission (A¢ B¢ C¢ D¢) Line Parameters 6.12
6.6 Hybrid (h) Parameters 6.13
6.7 Inverse Hybrid (g) Parameters 6.16
6.8 Relationship between Parameter Sets 6.16
6.8.1 Expression of Z-parameters in Terms of Y-parameters
and Vice-versa 6.16
6.8.2 General Circuit Parameters or ABCD Parameters in
Terms of Z Parameters and Y Parameters 6.18
6.9 Inter Connection of Two-Port Networks 6.21
6.9.1 Series Connection of Two-port Network 6.21
6.9.2 Parallel Connection of Two Two-port Networks 6.23
6.10 T and p Representations 6.25
6.11 Terminated Two-Port Network 6.29
6.11.1 Driving Point Impedance at the Input Port of a
Load Terminated Network 6.29
6.11.2 Driving Point Impedance at the Output Port with
Source Impedance at the Input Port 6.31