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NESTED NATIONALISM Portrait of a w oman and girl in national costume, Astara District, late 1950s–1960s. Courtesy of the Archive of Atiga Izmailova. NESTED NATIONALISM MAKING AND UNMAKING NATIONS IN THE SOVIET CAUCASUS Krista A. Goff CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London Publication of this book was made pos si ble, in part, by grants from the First Book Subvention Program of the Association for Slavic, East Eu ro pean, and Eurasian Studies and from the Office of the Dean in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Miami. Copyright © 2020 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress . cornell . edu. First published 2020 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Goff, Krista A., author. Title: Nested nationalism : making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus / Krista A. Goff. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020009681 (print) | LCCN 2020009682 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501753275 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781501753299 (pdf) | ISBN 9781501753282 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Minorities Azerbaijan History 20th  century. | Minorities Caucasus, South History 20th  century. | Nationalism Azerbaijan History 20th  century. | Nationalism Caucasus, South History 20th  century. | Collective memory Azerbaijan History 20th  century. | Collective memory Caucasus, South History 20th  century. | Azerbaijan Ethnic relations. | Caucasus, South Ethnic relations. Classification: LCC DK509 .G64 2020 (print) | LCC DK509 (ebook) | DDC 323.1475— dc23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2020009681 LC ebook rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2020009682 Cover image: Zulfugar Ahmedzade at a political meeting in Zaqatala, seated second from the left at the table (late 1920s). Photo from private collection. In memory of my father, Thomas Michael Goff, Sr., who inspired me to become a historian Contents Abbreviations ix Explanatory Note xi Introduction 1 1. Making Minorities and National Hierarchies 19 2. Territory, War, and Nation- Building in the South Caucasus 61 Interlude: A fter Stalin: Reform and Revenge 94 3. Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 106 4. Scholars, Politicians, and the Production of Soviet Assimilation Narratives 144 5. Minority Activism and Citizenship 179 Conclusion 214 Notes 241 Bibliography 289 Acknowl edgments 309 Index 313 Abbreviations ADR Azerbaijan Demo cratic Republic ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic CPSU (Russ ian initials: KPSS) Communist Party of the Soviet Union Kavburo Caucasus Bureau of the Russian Commu- nist Party Minpros Ministry of Enlightenment (Education) Narkomindel People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs Narkompros People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment (Education) Narkomzem People’s Commissariat of Agriculture NKAO Nagorno- Karabakh Autonomous Oblastʹ NKVD People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs Politburo Political Bureau of the Central Commit- tee of the Communist Party RSFSR Russ ian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Sovmin Council of Ministers Sovnarkom Council of People’s Commissars SSR Soviet Socialist Republic TSFSR (Russian initials: ZSFSR) Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic Zakkraikom Transcaucasian Regional Committee ix

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