Nephrology Secrets, Third Edition

667 Pages·2011·7.03 MB·English

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NEPHROLOGY SECRETS, THIRD EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4160-3362-2
Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2003, 1999 by Hanley & Belfus, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nephrology secrets.—3rd ed. / [edited by] Edgar V. Lerma, Allen R. Nissenson.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-3362-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Kidneys—Diseases—Miscellanea. 2. Nephrology—Miscellanea. I. Lerma, Edgar V. II.
Nissenson, Allen R.
[DNLM: 1. Kidney Diseases—Examination Questions. WJ 18.2]
RC903.N477 2012
616.691—dc22
2011009371
Senior Acquisitions Editor: James Merritt
Developmental Editor: Andrea Vosburgh
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: Claire Kramer
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my mentors, colleagues, and friends at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of
Medicine and Surgery in Manila, Philippines, and Mercy Hospital and Medical Center/
University of Illinois at Chicago, who have molded me as an individual and as a
physician, and have guided me to where I am right now.
To my mentors and colleagues at Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine, particularly Drs. Daniel Batlle, Robert Rosa, William Schlueter, Murray Levin,
Cybele Ghossein, and David Roxe, all of whom have profoundly influenced my decision
to be actively involved in the teaching profession.
To all the medical students, interns and residents who at one time or another have
crossed paths with me at Advocate Christ Medical Center/University of Illinois at
Chicago, from whom I have learned so much.
To my parents and my brothers, without whose unremitting love and care, and never-
ending support through thick and thin, I would not have reached my goals in life.
Most especially, to my two lovely daughters Anastasia Zofia and Isabella Ann, and my
ever dearest wife Michelle, a truly admirable and unique individual, who sacrificed a lot
of time and exhibited unparalleled patience as I devoted a significant amount of time and
effort to this project. Truly, they are my inspiration.
EL

CONTRIBUTORS
Rajiv Agarwal, MD, FAHA, FASN Daniel C. Cattran, MD, FRCPC, FACP
Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto;
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School Senior Scientist, Toronto General Research
of Medicine and Roudebush VA Medical Center, Institute, University Health Network, Toronto,
Indianapolis, Indiana Ontario, Canada
Martin J. Andersen, DO Devasmita Choudhury, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division Associate Professor, Department of Medicine,
of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center;
University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana Director, In-Center and Home Dialysis, Department
of Medicine, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
John R. Asplin, MD, FASN
Clinical Associate, Section of Nephrology, Rolando Claure-Del Granado, MD
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Medicine,
Pritzker School of Medicine; Medical Director, Division of Nephrology, University of California,
Litholink Corporation, Chicago, Illinois San Diego, San Diego, California
George L. Bakris, MD Byron P. Croker, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chief, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service,
Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health
Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of System; Professor, Pathology, Immunology, and
Chicago; Director, Hypertensive Diseases Unit, Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida,
Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Gainesville, Florida
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
The University of Chicago Medical Center, Bradley M. Denker, MD
Chicago, Illinois Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical
School; Physician, Renal Division, Brigham and
Daniel Batlle, MD Women’s Hospital; Chief of Nephrology, Harvard
Earle, del Greco, and Levin Professor of Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, Massachusetts
Nephrology/Hypertension, Professor of Medicine,
Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Vimal K. Derebail, MD, MPH
Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of
Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of
Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at
Tomas Berl, MD Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Robert J. Desnick, PhD, MD
University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado Dean for Genetics and Genomics, Professor and
Chairman, Department of Genetics and Genomic
Scott D. Bieber, DO Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
Fellow, Division of Nephrology, University of New York, New York
Washington, Seattle, Washington
vi
CONTRIBUTORS vii
Christiane Drechsler, MD, PhD Robert A. Figlin, MD, FACP
Fellow, Nephrology and Clinical Research, Chair, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department
Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel
University Hospital Wu¨rzburg, Wu¨rzburg, Germany Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute; Department
of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the
Alfonso Eirin, MD University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
Research Fellow, Division of Nephrology and California
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Mony Fraer, MD, FACP, FASN
Garabed Eknoyan, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology,
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
Mohsen El Kossi, MBBCh, MSc, MD, Eli A. Friedman, MD, MRCP
MRCP(UK) Distinguished Teaching Professor of Medicine,
Consultant Renal Physician, Renal Unit, Doncaster State University of New York Downstate Medical
Royal Infirmary, Doncaster, United Kingdom Center, Brooklyn, New York
Meguid El Nahas, MD, PhD, FRCP Debbie S. Gipson, MD, MS
Professor, Department of Nephrology, Sheffield Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics,
Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
United Kingdom
Patrick E. Gipson, MD
William J. Elliott, MD, PhD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Internal
Professor of Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine, Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann
and Pharmacology; Head, Division of Pharmacology, Arbor, Michigan
Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences,
Yakima, Washington Stanley Goldfarb, MD
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
David H. Ellison, MD University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
Professor of Medicine and Physiology and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pharmacology, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Joyce M. Gonin, MD
Portland, Oregon Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of
Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown
Uta Erdbruegger, MD University Medical Center, Washington, DC
Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology,
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Ryan S. Griffiths, MD
System, Charlottesville, Virginia Nephrologist, Department of Medicine, Providence
St. Vincent’s Hospital, Portland, Oregon;
Angela Alonso Esteve, MD Nephrologist, Department of Medicine, Legacy
Clinical Fellow in Adult Nephrology, Department of Meridian Park Hospital, Tualatin, Oregon;
Medicine, University of Toronto; Clinical Fellow in Nephrologist, Oregon Kidney and Hypertension
Adult Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, Clinic, Portland, Oregon
University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Fernando C. Fervenza, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Mitchell L. Halperin, MD, FRCP(C), FRS Elaine S. Kamil, MD
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Department of Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics,
Medicine/Nephrology, University of Toronto and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of
St. Michaels Hospital; Attending Staff, Department of California, Los Angeles; Clinical Director, Department
Medicine/Nephrology, Keenan Research Centre in the of Pediatric Nephrology, Cedars-Sinai Medical
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Center, Los Angeles, California
Canada
B.S. Kawar, MBBS, MD, MRCP(UK)
Marie C. Hogan, MD, PhD, FACP Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Sheffield;
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Consultant Nephrologist, Sheffield Kidney Institute,
Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,
Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Sheffield, United Kingdom
Edward J. Horwitz, MD Brian Kirmse, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Case Western Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics and
Reserve University School of Medicine; Assistant Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Csaba P. Kovesdy, MD
Susan Hou, MD, FACP Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Loyola Virginia; Chief of Nephrology, Salem Veterans Affairs
University Stritch School of Medicine; Medical Medical Center, Salem, Virginia
Director, Kidney Transplant Program, Department of
Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Warren Kupin, MD, FACP
Maywood, Illinois Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of
Ashley B. Irish, MBBS, FRACP Medicine; Associate Director of Transplant Nephrology,
Clinical Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Jackson
Pharmacology, University of Western Australia; Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
Consultant Nephrologist, Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, Royal Perth Hospital, Michael R. Lattanzio, DO
Perth, Western Australia, Australia Fellow, Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, University of Maryland School of
J. Ashley Jefferson, MD, FRCP Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Associate Professor, Division of Nephrology,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Edgar V. Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN,
FAHA, FASH, FNLA
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, MD, MPH, PhD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of
Professor, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of
Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine; Associates
Los Angeles, California; Attending Nephrologist, in Nephrology, S.C., Chicago, Illinois
Department of Medicine, Harbor UCLA, Torrance,
California Moshe Levi, MD
Professor of Medicine, Physiology, and Biophysics;
Kamel S. Kamel, MD, FRCP(C) Vice Chair of Medicine for Research, Division of
Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of
Toronto; Head, Division of Nephrology, Department Colorado, Denver, Colorado
of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Edmund J. Lewis, MD Rebecca Moore, MD
Muehrcke Family Professor of Nephrology, Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine,
Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine,
Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Denver, Colorado
Illinois
Patrick H. Nachman, MD, FASN
Stuart L. Linas, MD Professor of Medicine, UNC Kidney Center,
Professor, Department of Medicine, University of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
Colorado Denver School of Medicine; Chief of North Carolina
Nephrology, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
Lavinia A. Negrea, MD
Etienne Macedo, MD, MAS, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Case
Associate Professor, Division of Nephrology, Western Reserve University School of Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland,
Sao Paulo, Brazil Ohio
Supriya Maddirala, MD Lindsay E. Nicolle, MD, FRCPC
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medical Director, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and
OHSU Acute Unit, Department of Medicine, Division Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba;
of Nephrology, Oregon Health and Science Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences
University, Portland, Oregon Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
David Martins, MD, MS Marina Noris, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, College of Head, Transplant Research Center “Chiara Cucchi de
Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Alessandri & Gilberto Crespi,” Mario Negri Institute
Science, Los Angeles, California for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
Rajnish Mehrotra, MBBS, MD Keith C. Norris, MD
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Professor and Interim President, Department of
David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of Medicine, Charles Drew University; Assistant Dean
California, Los Angeles; Associate Chief, Division of for Translational Science, Department of Medicine,
Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of
Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
Angeles, California
Anna Oliveras, MD, PhD
Ravindra L. Mehta, MD, DM, FACP, FASN Chief, Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit,
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Associate Chair of Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari del
Clinical Research, Director, UCSD, CREST, and MAS Mar, Parc de Salut Mar; Member, HERACLES
in Clinical Research Program, Department of Cardiovascular Research Network, Program of
Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Research in Inflammatory and Cardiovascular
Nephrologist, UCSD Medical Center Thornton Disorders (RICAD), IMIM, Hospital del Mar,
Hospital, La Jolla, California; Nephrologist, UCSD Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona,
Medical Center Hillcrest, San Diego, California Spain
Maria Valentina Irazabal Mira, MD Ali J. Olyaei, PharmD
Research Fellow, Division of Nephrology and Professor of Medicine and Pharmacotherapy, Oregon
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota State University/Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, Oregon
Snesha Modi, MD
Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Illinois at Chicago-Advocate Christ
Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Illinois