Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets: Designs, Technologies and Performance

461 Pages·2019·26.976 MB·English

by  Daniel Schoerling, Alexander V. Zlobin

Particle Acceleration and Detection
Daniel Schoerling
Alexander V. Zlobin Editors
Nb Sn
3
Accelerator
Magnets
Designs, Technologies and Performance
Particle Acceleration and Detection
SeriesEditors
AlexanderChao,SLAC,StanfordUniversity,MenloPark,CA,USA
FrankZimmermann,BEDepartment,ABPGroup,CERN,Genève,Switzerland
KatsunobuOide,KEK,HighEnergyAcceleratorResearchOrganization,Tsukuba,
Japan
WernerRiegler,Detectorgroup,CERN,Genève,Switzerland
Vladimir Shiltsev, Accelerator Physics Center, Fermi National Accelerator Lab,
Batavia,IL,USA
KenzoNakamura,KavliIPMU,UniversityofTokyo,Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan
The series Particle Acceleration and Detection is devoted to monograph texts
dealingwithallaspectsofparticleaccelerationanddetectionresearchandadvanced
teaching.Thescopealsoincludestopicssuchasbeamphysicsandinstrumentation
as well as applications. Presentations should strongly emphasize the underlying
physicalandengineeringsciences.Ofparticularinterestare
(cid:129) contributionswhichrelatefundamentalresearchtonewapplicationsbeyondthe
immeadiaterealmoftheoriginalfieldofresearch
(cid:129) contributionswhichconnectfundamentalresearchintheaforementionnedfields
tofundamentalresearchinrelatedphysicalorengineeringsciences
(cid:129) concise accounts of newly emerging important topics that are embedded in a
broader framework in order to provide quick but readable access of very new
materialtoalargeraudience.
The books forming this collection will be of importance for graduate students and
activeresearchersalike
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5267
(cid:129)
Daniel Schoerling Alexander V. Zlobin
Editors
Nb Sn Accelerator Magnets
3
Designs, Technologies and Performance
Editors
DanielSchoerling AlexanderV.Zlobin
CERN(EuropeanOrganizationfor FermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratory(FNAL)
NuclearResearch) Batavia,IL,USA
Meyrin,Genève,Switzerland
ISSN1611-1052 ISSN2365-0877 (electronic)
ParticleAccelerationandDetection
ISBN978-3-030-16117-0 ISBN978-3-030-16118-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16118-7
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2019.Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication.
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Foreword
Colliders of highly energetic particle beams are a crucial tool for fundamental
research in high-energy physics (HEP), allowing for the investigation of highest
mass particles and smallest length scales. Accelerator magnets are essential for
steering and focusing such particle beams. The development and the practical
implementation of superconducting (SC) accelerator magnets, in particular dipoles
and quadrupoles, for the Fermilab Tevatron in the 1970s and 1980s enabled a
breakthrough jump in technology and allowed for hitherto unprecedented particle-
beam energies and collision rates. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC, in operation
since2008)attheEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch(CERN)represents
thecurrentstateoftheartoflargeSCcolliders.Atpresent,CERNispreparingthe
high-luminosityLHC(HL-LHC)upgradetoincreasethecollisionrateevenfurther
andtofullyexploittheLHCpotential.
For the post-LHC era, various colliders are under study, including linear lepton
colliders(CompactLinearCollider(CLIC)andInternationalLinearCollider(ILC)),
and circular colliders (for electron–positron and proton–proton collisions). At
CERN, the long-term goal of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Study is to push
the energy frontier much beyond other proposed accelerators, so as to increase the
discovery reach, in energy, by an order of magnitude with respect to LHC in an
affordableandenergy-efficientmanner.TwoFCCoptionsarecurrentlyunderstudy,
and, depending on the available time span, they can possibly be housed, succes-
sively, in the same tunnel, as it had been the case for the Large Electron–Positron
Collider(LEP)andLHCatCERN.TheFCChadroncolliderassecondstagewould
provideauniqueopportunitytoprobethenatureatthesmallestdistancescalesever
explored by mankind; to discover, if existent, new particles with exceedingly tiny
Compton wavelengths; to thoroughly examine the dynamics of electroweak sym-
metrybreaking;andtotestthefundamentalprinciplesthathaveguidedprogressfor
decades.
To enable highest energy hadron colliders, new, reliable, and cost-effective
magnet technologies are indispensable. Currently, only Nb Sn SC seem to be
3
technicallyandcommerciallymatureenoughtobeconsideredascandidatematerial
v
vi Foreword
for the magnets of such a future collider, to be constructed in the coming decades.
AlthoughworkonNb Snmagnetsstartedalreadyinthe1960s,asignificanteffortis
3
stillrequiredtooptimizeboththeSCmaterialandthemagnetdesignstopreparefor
massproduction.Amajormilestonewillbethefirst-timeimplementationofNb Sn
3
dipoleandquadrupoleacceleratormagnetsintheHL-LHC.Inparallel,aworldwide
conductor and magnet R&D program has been launched, toward the challenging
designgoalsfortheFCC.ThisglobaleffortisstronglysupportedbytheFCCStudy,
theEuroCirColDesignStudyco-fundedbytheEuropeanCommission,andtheU.S.
MagnetDevelopmentProgram(MDP).
Thisbookprovidesacriticalreviewoftheexistingworldwideexperienceinthe
areaofNb Sndipolemagnetsandwillplayavitalroleinsupportingthistrulyglobal
3
efforttowardthenextgenerationofSChigh-fieldacceleratormagnets.
Genève,Switzerland MichaelBenedikt
FCCStudyLeader
[email protected]
Preface
The goal of this book is to summarize and review the vast experience with Nb Sn
3
acceleratordipolemagnetsaccumulatedintheUnitedStates,Europe,andAsiasince
the discovery and production of Nb Sn composite conductors. Interest in Nb Sn
3 3
accelerator magnets is soaring, and their further development is rapidly gaining
momentum worldwide, thanks to the growing maturity of this technology and its
great potential for particle accelerators used in high-energy physics. This book is
intendedtocontributetothetransferoftheaccumulatedexperiencewiththedesign,
technology, and performance of such magnets in view of the challenging require-
ments set by the needs for ever-higher collision energies in future colliders. Engi-
neersandphysicistsworkinginthefieldofparticleaccelerators,aswellasstudents
studying courses in particle accelerator physics and technologies, may find it an
indispensablesourceofinformationonNb Snacceleratormagnets.Readerswitha
3
general interest in the history of science and technology may also find useful
information that was obtained over a long period of time, from the late 1960s to
thepresentday.
Thebookcontains16chapters,structuredwithin5sections.
The first section includes three introductory chapters. It starts with a brief
description of the general problems of accelerator magnet design and operation
(Chap. 1), followed by historical overviews of the research and development
(R&D)ofNb Snwiresandcablesforaccelerator magnets(Chap. 2),andtheearly
3
periodofNb SnmagnetR&D—atimeduringwhichthistechnologywascompeting
3
withNb-Timagnetsinthesamefieldrange(Chap.3).Ittookalmost25years(1965–
1990) to advance the performance of Nb Sn accelerator magnets to fields above
3
10T—afieldrangebeyondthelimitsofNb-Tiacceleratormagnets.
The next three sections describe the period from the early 1990s to the present
day.Thisperiodischaracterizedbytheappearanceofpowerfulnumericalcomputer
programs for the electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal analysis of
superconducting magnets, advanced superconducting and structural materials and
fabrication techniques, and significant progress in magnet instrumentation and test
methods. The great progress in these areas allowed significant advances in the
vii
viii Preface
magnetdesignprocess,improvingthemagnets’operatingparametersanddeepening
the understanding of their performance. A key result of this progress is that the
maximum field in Nb Sn accelerator magnets has approached at the present time
3
15T.Inthisperiod,threemaindipoledesigns(cos-theta,blocktype,andcommon
coil) were thoroughly explored. Their design features, technologies, and perfor-
mancesaredescribedindetailinChaps.4,5,6,7,8,and9(cos-theta),Chaps.10,
11, and 12 (block type), and Chaps. 13, 14, and 15 (common coil). In each of the
three sections, the chapters follow chronological order to demonstrate the progress
made within each design approach. The structure of the material presented in the
chapters follows the main theme of the book: magnet design, technology, and
performance. This approach is used to ease the finding of appropriate information
inside eachchapterandtosimplifythecomparisonofsimilar data presentedinthe
variouschapters.
Thelastsectionofthebookoutlinesthefutureneedsandthetargetparametersof
thenextgenerationofNb Snacceleratormagnetsandbrieflysummarizesthemain
3
openissuesfortheirdesignandperformance(Chap.16).Oneofthemainchallenges
in the next decade will be increasing the nominal operation field in accelerator
magnetstowards16T.Toprovidesufficientoperationmargin,itwillrequireraising
the magnet maximum field above 18 T and approaching the limit of the Nb Sn
3
acceleratormagnettechnology.Newcost-effectivematerialsandtechnologyafford-
able forthenextgenerationofparticle acceleratorshavetobealsodeveloped.The
discussionpresentedinthissessioncouldbeconsideredalsoasaninvitationtothe
reader to take part in this new, exciting R&D phase of Nb Sn accelerator magnet
3
technologies.
Genève,Switzerland DanielSchoerling
Batavia,IL,USA AlexanderV.Zlobin
Acknowledgments
The editors andauthorsthank theforefront experts from theresearchanddevelop-
ment (R&D) projects, programs, and fields treated here for openly sharing with us
theirworkandtheirenthusiasticengagementinthepreparationofthisbook.Wealso
thankthemanyothercolleagueswhohavehelpedusinfindingmaterialspreadover
thearchivesofthelaboratoriesinvolvedinthisfieldoverthelastsixdecadesandfor
providingtheirvaluableinsightsandcommentsonthebook’scontent,inparticular
Daniel Dietderich (LBNL), Michael Fields (B-OST), René Flükiger (University of
Genève and CERN), Eugeny Yu. Klimenko (Kurchatov Institute), David
C. Larbalestier (ASC-FSU), Peter Lee (ASC-FSU), Clément Lorin (CEA-Saclay),
AlfredD.McInturff(LBNL),Jean-MichelRifflet(CEA-Saclay),Tiina-MariaSalmi
(UoT),WilliamB.Sampson(BNL),RonaldM.Scanlan(LBNL),ManfredThoener
(B-EAS), Peter Wanderer (BNL), Akira Yamamoto (KEK), and Franz Zerobin
(ELIN-UNION). We would also like to acknowledge the technical staff of BNL,
CEA-Saclay,CERN,FNAL,KEK,LBNL,TAMU,andtheUniversityofTwentefor
their contributions to magnet design, fabrication, and testing. Most names are
indicatedinthecorrespondingreferences.
OurthanksarealsoduetothecopyeditorsfromSunriseSettingforeditingand
proofreading the text, Simon-Niklas Scheuring (Dreamlead Pictures) for image
processingandcoloring,andPierre-JeanFrançoisandhisteam(Intitek)fordrawing
and sketch preparation. We thank Jens Vigen (Head of the CERN library) for his
effortstowardpublishingthisbookasanopenaccesspublicationandSaloméRohr
(CERNlibrary)forhergreatsupportinfindingandarchivingthereferences.Special
thanks also go to Springer Nature and its editorial staff, in particular Hisako Niko,
who supported this project from the beginning, and their valuable help in the
publication process. Without the large effort and patience of all these people, this
bookwouldhavenotbeenpossible.
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