Nature Guide: Rocks and Minerals

354 Pages·2012·69.53 MB·English

RN AOT U RCEGKU I DSE
AND MINERALS

s m i t h s o n i a n
RN AOT U RCEGKU I DSE
AND MINERALS
Ronald Louis Bonewitz
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
DORLING KINDERSLEY
Senior Editor Senior Art Editor
Peter Frances Spencer Holbrook
US Editors Production Editor
Jill Hamilton Rebekah Parsons-King
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Manisha Majithia DK Picture Library
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Laura Brim Picture Researchers
Managing Editor Jo Walton, Julia Harris-Voss
Camilla Hallinan Managing Art Editor
Associate Michelle Baxter
Publishing Director Publisher
Liz Wheeler Sarah Larter
Publishing Director Art Director
Jonathan Metcalf Philip Ormerod
DK INDIA
Managing Editor Deputy Managing Art Editor
Rohan Sinha Mitun Banerjee
Deputy Managing Editor Senior Designer
Alka Thakur Hazarika Ivy Roy
Senior Editor Designers
Soma B. Chowdhury Arijit Ganguly, Mahua Mandal, Tanveer Zaidi
Editors Assistant Designer
Pragati Nagpal, Neha Pande, Priyaneet Singh Sanjay Chauhan
DTP Designers Consultant Art Director
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Arjinder Singh, Jagtar Singh, Rajesh Singh, Picture Researcher
Bimlesh Tiwary, Tanveer Zaidi Sakshi Saluja
Production Manager DTP Manager
Pankaj Sharma Balwant Singh
CONSULTANT
Dr. Jeffrey E. Post, Geologist, Curator-in-Charge, National Gem and Mineral Collection,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
First American Edition, 2012
Published in the United States by DK Publishing
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CONTENTS
Introduction Hydroxides 100
What is a Mineral? 8 Halides 106
Mineral Groups and Associations 10 Carbonates 113
Classifying Minerals 12 Borates 126
Identifying Minerals 14 Sulfates, Molybdates, Chromates 131
What are Crystals? 18 and Tungstates
Crystal Habits 20 Phosphates, Vanadates, 147
Crystal Systems 22 and Arsenates
Gems 24 Silicates 166
What is a Rock? 26 Organics 246
Collecting Rocks and Minerals 28 Rocks
Equipment 30 Igneous Rocks 256
Organization, Storage and Cleaning 32 Metamorphic Rocks 286
Minerals Sedimentary Rocks 304
Native Elements 36 Meteorites 334
Sulfides 48
Glossary 338
Sulfosalts 65 Index 343
Oxides 74 Acknowledgments 351
HOW THE ROCK AND MINERAL PROFILES WORK
profile information (including name of mineral
illustration of crystal system or rock group KEY
in mineral entries) 4
Hardness
m
Specific gravity
120 MINERALS | CARBONATES MINERALS | CARBONATES 121 n
PROFILE LIwana egtrholgl-iesefto hscrpimrteeyec sgidtmra ocelursnyn sodtfma alsaz usrsrei.tset, olanr g e, PROFILE rchryosmtablohedral o Cleavage
4mnopqMon o33PCBVc .elio18utl⁄2rirnen–fecei4ochcuotsid taol ,d burlilt etlaerthy vitrluesotures 4mnopqHex a33PUWVg .eio1n6th⁄2rnrei–fetave4eoelc uont srr httrooi gmpoebnaoarhllyedral cherry-red colour pq FSrtraecatukre
Luster
quartz s
Type
grougnodemthaistes vitreous lustre t
Origin
VARIANTS ArZU Cu3R(COI3T)2(EOH )2 bblluoeck cyr, yasztualre STrphhepoirescmV chgAbteraoodRcuh oupeInAld ao rrNfrao drnchTisraoy Stfdisrnootgmca qhl urPoaesrrtiutze ci sr ystals.RHr OMnCDO3OCHROSITE 12 TPeremspseurraet oufr efo orfm foatrimonation
BbRcAcoTpoaorlfan ala asynbra ddapasdczuie lhturaelrledaeoeartdl tlirci ratsi naioek ccz czg n arugury lryr risoitstetueta na ccldl rrsAymy s sTstathaiasnilnslgs,l e , AwEiltTtabammfcusCnaoeaaoougrosh z aaabrrebamderpgtemmhAssyoru nudrpeds yus ezpeluciebl aesoeianawtufvgeisdeyoirreiraprmredaa e,a k rinod ti p ctnta Fdnr ioebeteoreoaradl r r sa Esrylptazanpfl, i unehores sugcsnosrowt rraeeatiar y.cas.srmaaa e m rh lp Aie molcn totl seisstbb.hsxcezodec.da. . llyiu hcnu uIccpd WtptM cro itueo aeipcmirtahzetm rgnaao ieeelpescnl ksegdblp dm srri- esfiragaac ynusd oeiscpbnmroovsy rreg ymaolespiltnlmyovtiae at rr smol ea“euatynltsib snesbisn,lzr ito oo ,hre nssal uaw tounibp aisnhefnmrv ssteiu eviert aeiete 1as”hteeed o,rt. pt 5 l e fstfawArct erto h orahwze-dCTtacy-smlhudhoyz aauishetudilrcgdbsoo tc raitve auttoiec hrttipiev1r eiactlo-o vesiie ob7 hdscaafx nfo dothnPo, brmc h ind olaoeidrhuce - amtrpfrogercehlt san ebyeyece,sic m aso le dhn gauolxtenior sztteahfeei tuu uitw elo.bhrglhrn irnionatoyli esae tfb er erz di et s . CRiRcmnhhel aaceodnslrma yrsrsy bhims-coroi ceahcd dnrero ogydccsasorehantlo-aler pruolsshirens o iktmtdy ecpoio nicBclehoarrirulga oorhlssfti ,t e Amfisoaah(aoasAaionsprepnlnynnfrcob s . a sd1dep5dcdmddrmuoRno8ihr3uc rmn hoomgamam 0o)ioirtd,mtotzasns h0ecmhhagaae e dng.ceneiaeesa nntnbeodRau tnisr rlGtmg aesosn cmhr imslavarr cneoehheo ieeyteacnnaoce crse d sceBl a o meoat elhd so(akoalnumplssn.tarei crarmt rti.aeabdebatih5ithncenlel e oaloai4r oogtvsstce o,)rncrso aiedx,o,rsMdps y .taniriyorfl nii d hbhftttsoesamuksoeieeioect’ssnhoc .ua isw d,e h trnrmb aIdln.aoiog tas iterdn teIndser csowithrle a,npa i hoa w k(aaipwans,npoerrle l osponUuec.s shir1 nshs cll oiSgai0aoat cii aa Atsti9lsrrhves,ll, es),c e. g, rn mi rihcnrtiotee o eRTdbaerdiy htonuadah( .usepndc snoo Iskld .entdaws1ecse o - 1a rfhhdwt“,pocw4m io rtebrhir)oeonfhr,mroe e sokrcodb todiac ess–trucolacsi ecy tdortcodyie vo thrioli eee soatcirc.ddg tor uaomia ivsatfrvrlre oivo,ltoae , eio b umnyd trug h”st  – 3uvwx SGMMtriaranujiooncrr t summirzeiienneerraallss
Color
variants panel z Precursor rock
containing named example of y
varieties and additional chemical formula rock or mineral Fossils
specimens of mineral application

INTRODUCTION
8 MINERALS | WHAT IS A MINERAL?
WHAT IS A MINERAL?
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a specific chemical
composition and a distinctive internal crystal structure. Most
minerals are formed inorganically but some, such as those
found in bone, are formed organically (by living organisms).
WHAT MINERALS ARE MADE OF copper cast
into artifact
Most minerals are chemical compounds
composed of two or more chemical
elements. However, copper, sulfur, gold,
silver, and a few others occur as single
COPPER DUCK
“native” elements. A mineral is defined
by its chemical formula and by the Native elements
Native copper was probably the first metal used by
arrangement of atoms within its crystals.
humans. This duck’s head was made in North Africa
For example, iron sulfide has the about 1,900 years ago.
chemical formula FeS (where Fe is iron brassy yellow
2
color
and S is sulfur). Iron sulfide can crystallize
cubic
in two different ways. When it crystallizes in habit
the cubic system (pp.22–23), it is called
Same composition but different structure
Though pyrite and marcasite have the same chemical
composition and are both iron sulfide, their differing
crystal structures make them different minerals.
rosette-shaped
aggregate
metallic
luster
PYRITE
pyrite; when it crystallizes in the
orthorhombic system, it becomes the
mineral marcasite. Minerals are classified
by their chemical content: for example,
those containing oxygen ions are called
MARCASITE oxides and those having carbon and
oxygen ions are called carbonates.
Native sulfur
Sulfur is mined at Kawah Ijen,
Java. Volcanic gases escaping
from small openings in the ground
(fumaroles) carry sulfur vapors to
the surface, where it is deposited
as a yellow crust.