Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future: How to Perform Change Management for Achieving a Sustainable World PDF
Preview Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future: How to Perform Change Management for Achieving a Sustainable World
Erik Dahlquist Stefan Hellstrand Editors Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future How to Perform Change Management for Achieving a Sustainable World Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future Erik Dahlquist • Stefan Hellstrand Editors Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future How to Perform Change Management for Achieving a Sustainable World Editors Erik Dahlquist Stefan Hellstrand School of Business, Society Nolby Ekostrategi and Engineering Kil, Sweden Malardalen University School of Business, Society Vasteras, Sweden and Engineering Malardalen University Vasteras, Sweden ISBN 978-3-319-54261-4 ISBN 978-3-319-54263-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54263-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017944432 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. This book was advertised with a copyright holder in the name of the editor(s)/author(s) in error, whereas the publisher holds the copyright. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Natural resources have always been a limiting factor for human development. Once upon a time, it was large animals to hunt, which led to the extinction of large ani- mals tens of thousands of years ago. When farming became more common, the population grew fast until, 1500–500 years ago. New farming methods using fertil- izers more systematically developed, and during the 1960s–1970s, there was a new farm revolution, when new species combined with increased use of synthetic fertil- izers, fossil fuels, and irrigation gave a doubling of production within a few decades. Along with these resource extensions we also got a strong population growth. During the 1960s and 1970s, a major concern was that there would not be enough food for the growing population and in parallel the threat that from a large-scale nuclear war could eliminate human life from earth. During the 1990s–2000s, dra- matic changes in politics took away the fear for the global nuclear war as the Soviet Union Empire collapsed. The increase in food production has even reduced the absolute number of poor people by 50% at the same time as population doubled from the 1960s. Especially in East and South Asia, the development of society has been very impressive. Now we are in a situation where many people aspire to have their own mobile phone, TV, computer, refrigerator, car, etc. This demands huge amounts of materi- als. Fertilizers demand phosphorous and energy-intensive nitrogen compounds. At the same time, we can see that easy-to-extract oil is starting to run out. It becomes more and more expensive to take up from wells from more remote areas and harsher climates like north of Norway and Canada. All these intricacies put a strong pres- sure for finding new solutions to sustain a wealthy society, and give those who are still poor good living conditions. The goal of this book is to identify the available resources and to discuss how these resources can be utilized in a feasible way. We have huge amounts of biomass that could be used more efficiently. Phosphorous is a limiting element, but it could be recycled more efficiently. Different metals could be recycled, but they can be also replaced with more common if technology is developed further, like using FeS, CuO, and similar instead of rare elements in solar cells (PV). Breeding of cattle could be done in different ways to reduce emission of CO2, and other crops can be v vi Preface used as food to decrease the environmental burden. Insects can be used as protein source, as well as soya for direct use for humans. We hope this book will both give hard facts and inspire the reader to look for new possibilities for future development. Vasteras, Sweden Erik Dahlquist Kil, Sweden Stefan Hellstrand About the Author Dr. Erik Dahlquist is Professor of Energy Technology and Research Director of the School of Business, Society & Engineering at Mälardalen University in Sweden since 2000. Dr. Dahlquist worked for 27 years in the energy-power industry, holding a number of research and management positions with ABB from 1975 to 2002. He was Deputy Dean and later Dean of the Faculty of Natural Science and Technology at Mälardalen from 2001 to 2007. He is now Research Director for the research profile Future Energy Center. Dr. Dahlquist’s current research foci include Process Development for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Products, Energy and Efficient Power Load Management for Grids, Industry and Buildings, and Environmental Management. He is a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences and coordinator for the EU Horizon 2020 project FUDIPO, Future Direction of Process Industry Optimization in the SPIRE-2 program. Dr. Stefan Hellstrand Hellstrand holds a PhD in Energy and Environmental Engineering, PhLic in Systems Ecology – Natural Resource Management, and MSc in Agriculture – Animal Husbandry. He has during more than three decades combined academic work with advanced consultancy. Reality itself has been utilized as a laboratory of reality, to which specific questions are asked, where the answers express the relevance and robustness of the academic work. Simultaneously, customers are introduced to knowledge at the scientific frontier or ahead of it, where they decide by themselves whether it is for the benefit of their organization to take the chance and risk to utilize it. This represents a process for methodological development where the commercial market is used as a prober in the academic work, at the same time as short- and long- term objectives of customers are fulfilled. Through this process a toolkit supporting a sustainable development has emerged, that when applied in reality has contributed to sustainable intensification, supporting 14 of 16 environmental quality objectives in Sweden, several of the eight Millennium Development Goals, and with the capac- ity to support the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals. Through these tools, causal chains can be followed in systems characterized by mutual dependencies between systems and systems levels, thresholds, and irreversibilities, that is, the vii viii About the Author complexity of life as defining systems characteristics. This i ntegrates agricultural sciences, system ecology, economic theory, applied environmental sciences, life- cycle assessment, and integrative assessment. Description This book focuses on providing an overview of all our available natural resources, considering the sustainability and potential for power generation of each. Energy efficiency prospects of each natural resource are examined in the context of soci- ety’s key energy needs—heating/cooling, electric power, transportation, and indus- trial production. Geography, climate, and demographics are all discussed as key vectors impacting the comparative opportunities for self-sustenance around the globe. The authors provide in-depth coverage of renewable energy upscale and energy efficiency improvements in industry and society within a historical context, including a keen look at the variable effectiveness of different policy tools that have been used to support the transition away from unsustainable resource use. Finally, suggestions for more sustainable futures are provided, from improved policy mea- sures, to new technological horizons in areas from offshore wind and marine energy to biogas and energy storage. Other Authors Professor Bert Allard, Örebro University, Sweden. Bert Allard has a long aca- demic career working in the energy and environmental science area. He received his PhD in Environmental Chemistry from Chalmers University in 1975 and was Professor at first Linkoping University and also at Orebro University. Since 1997, he is a member of the royal academy of science (KVA), where he is Chairman for the Geoscience Department, which also is one of the departments proposing who should be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry annually. He has contributed to this book by giving input to especially the chapters on inorganic resources. Professor Elias Hakalehto, PhD, serves as an Adjunct Professor in Microbiological Agroecology at the University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and as an Adjunct Professor in Biotechnical Microbe Analytics at the University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio. He has participated with his R&D company, Finnoflag Oy, in more than 100 specific investigation tasks in industrial hygiene monitoring, environmental protection, diagnostics, bioprocess development, clinical microbiology, and probi- otics. He is the author or editor of several scientific books in the fields of microbiol- ogy and biotechnology. He has contributed to scientific articles and patents in molecular microbiology, metabolic studies of microorganisms, as well as circula- tion, microbiomes, and biorefineries. Dr. Hakalehto has been the principal technol- About the Author ix ogy provider in the six-nation EU Baltic Sea Biorefinery project ABOWE in 2012–2014. Mr. Ari Jääskeläinen, MSc (Industrial Management, with technological orienta- tion in environmental protection technology) and BSc (Social Sciences), serves since 2005 as a Project Engineer and Lecturer in the Environmental Engineering, Teaching and Research unit of Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Kuopio, Finland. He has managed or been involved in several international and regional EU projects within environmental technology and business field. Dr. Peter Stigson is Head of Sustainable Strategies and Resources at COWI, being an active Researcher and Consultant in resource efficiency and nexus approaches as well as international and national climate and energy policy and technology devel- opments. More specifically, his interest lies in effective promotion of resource effi- ciency and systems governance through the application of nexus approaches, i.e., analyzing synergies and trade-offs between ecological and societal systems, such as energy, water, and land use that are often dealt with in isolation. Parallel to his posi- tion at COWI, Peter holds a position as Senior Lecturer at the School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University. His role at the university includes integrating interdisciplinary sustainability research into the graduate and postgradu- ate energy and environmental engineering studies. Dr. Lars Drake is a Consulting Professor (em) in Natural Resource and Environmental Economics at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Dr. Drake’s research has been focused on resource and environmental problems of agri- culture, including policy aspects, in Sweden, the EU, and East Africa. He has worked at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for 6 years and at the Swedish Chemicals Agency for 8 years. Mrs. Malou Berndtsson holds a Masters (MSc) in Sustainable Development from Uppsala University and Swedish University of Agriculture as well as a Masters in International Economics and Business (MBA) from Linköping University. Her research has focused on Circular Economy, Sustainable Development, CSR Implementation, and Microfinance. She has been working as a management consul- tant in transformational processes as well as a nature guide. Contents 1 System Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Erik Dahlquist and Stefan Hellstrand 2 The Challenges of Measuring Sustainability Performance . . . . . . . . . 57 Stefan Hellstrand 3 Population Development, Demography and Historical Perspective . . 73 Erik Dahlquist 4 Biologic Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Stefan Hellstrand and Erik Dahlquist 5 Energy Resources and Regional Balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Erik Dahlquist 6 Nonorganic and Fossil Resources: Known and Estimated Resources 181 Erik Dahlquist 7 Reuse and Circulation of Organic Resources and Mixed Residues . . 207 Elias Hakalehto and Ari Jääskeläinen 8 Energy, Different Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Erik Dahlquist 9 Impact on Climate and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Erik Dahlquist 10 P olicies and Incentives – Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future: How to Perform Change Management for Achieving a Sustainable World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Peter Stigson and Erik Dahlquist 11 Is Circular Economy a Magic Bullet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Malou Berndtsson, Lars Drake, and Stefan Hellstrand Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 xi
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