NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 19920015563: LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, part 2

590 Pages·733.3 MB·English

by  NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

NASA Conference Publication 3134
Part 2
LDEF-
69 Months
in Space
First
Post-Re&iewal
Symposium
Proceedings of a symposium held in
Kissimmee, Florida
lune 2-8,1991
NASA Conference Publication 3134
Part2
LDEF-
69 Months
ie n Sn pace
First
Post- RetrievaI
Symposium
Edited by
Arlene S. Levine
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, D. C., and held in
Kissimmee, Florida
June 24,1991
NASA
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Off ice of Management
Scientific and Technical
Information Program
1991
Foreword
On July 20, 1989, President George Bush charted a new course for human exploration of
space:
“. . .
a long-range continuing commitment. First, for the coming decade --
for the 1990’s -- Space Station Freedom, our next critical step in all our
space endeavors. And for the next century, back to the moon, back to the
future, and this time, back to stay; then a journey into tomorrow, a journey
to another planet -- a manned mission to Mars. Each mission should and
will lay the groundwork for the next.”
The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) is providing critical technology for future
spacecraft, including Space Station Freedom, and thus plays a major role in the
President’s vision of human exploration of space.
LDEF was carried into orbit in April 1984 by the Space Shuttle Challenger. The 1 1-ton
satellite contained 57 experiments to assess the effects of the space environment, Le.,
ionizing radiation, meteoroids, cosmic dust, and high altitude atomic oxygen on materials
and mechanical, electronic, optical, and living systems. In January 1990, after 69 months
in low Earth orbit, LDEF was retrieved by the Space Shuttle Columbia and returned to
Earth. The retrieval occurred 57 months after it was originally planned, due in part to
the Challenger tragedy. The 69 months in space provided experimenters the unique
opportunity to sample and measure the space environment over a longer time period than
originally planned.
The 57 LDEF experiments were returned to the Principal Investigators and their science
teams for analyses and interpretation. In June 1991, over 400 LDEF researchers and
data users met in Kissimmee, Florida for the First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium.
The papers presented contained important new information about space environments and
their impact on materials, systems, and biology. This publication contains the material
presented at the symposium, categorized by subject:
LDEF Mission and Induced Environments
Space Environments - Ionizing Radiation
Space Environments - Meteoroid and Debris
Space Environmental Effects - Materials
Space Environmental Effects - Systems
Space Environmental Effects - Biology
Space Environmental Effects - Microgravity
The Future
During the symposium Sally A. Little, NASA Headquarters, chaired the LDEF
Mission and Induced Environments session; William L. Quaide, NASA Heaquarters,
iii
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-
chaired the Space Environments Meteoroid and Debris session; Thomas W.
Crooker, NASA Headquarters, and Bland A. Stein, NASA Langley Research Center, co-
-
chaired the Space Environmental Effects Materials session; Judith H. Ambrus,
NASA Headquarters, and P. Rex Miller, W.J. Schaefer and Associates co-chaired the
-
Space Environmental Effects Systems session; and James L. Jones, NASA
Langley Research Center chaired the session called Others.
Some presentations in these documents underwent a title change; others were combined
with two or three presentations; two were not presented orally. However, all oral
presentations are represented in written form. Where full-length papers were
unavailable, the abstracts have been reprinted. All papers were reviewed for technical
content as well as form.
We wish to thank the contributors, as well as the reviewers of these papers. We also wish
to thank Dr. William H. Kinard, without whose vision and persistence, there would not be
an LDEF project or the valuable data it has collected.
The LDEF Science Office plans to organize and conduct two additional symposia, one in
San Diego in June 1992 and another in 1993. The proceedings from these two symposia
will be published as NASA Conference Publications.
We believe that the LDEF data reported in this three-part document will make important
contributions to charting the new course for the exploration of space.
Use of manufacturers’ trade names in this publication does not constitute an oflcial endorsement of
such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Arlene S. Levine
LDEF Science Office
NASA Langley Research Center
iv
CONTENTS
...
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ 111
*
PART 1
LDEF MISSION AND INDUCED ENVIRONMENTS
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY-A GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................. 3
Robert L. ONeal and E. Burton Lightner
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY (LDEF) SPACE ENVIRONMENTS OVERVIEW .............. 49
William H. Kinard and Glenna D. Martin
PINHOLE CAMERAS AS SENSORS FOR ATOMIC OXYGEN IN ORBIT;
APPLICATION TO ATTITUDE DETERMINATION OF THE LDEF .................................................. 61
Palmer N. Peters and John C. Gregory
USE OF THE LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY'S THERMAL MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM FOR THE VERIFICATION OF THERMAL MODELS ...................................................... 69
William M. Berrios
MEASURED SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS TO LDEF DURING RETRIEVAL ..................... 85
Carl R. Mag and W. Kelly Linder
PARTICLE TYPES AND SOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH LDEF ................................................... 101
E. R. Crutcher and W. W. Wascher
MIGRATION AND GENERATION OFCONTAMINANTS FROM LAUNCH THROUGH .................. 121
RECOVERY: LDEF CASE HISTORY
E. R. Crutcher, L. S. Nishimura, K. J. Warner 'and W. W. Wascher
QUANTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH LDEF .......................................... 141
E. R. Crutcher, L. S. Nishimura, K. J. Warner and W. W. Wascher
MOLECULAR FILMS ASSOCIATED WITH LDEF ....................................................................... 155
E. R. Crutcher and K. J. Warner
ORGANIC CONTAMINATION OF LDEF .................................................................................... 179
Gale A. Harvey
-
SPACE ENVIRONMENTS IONIZING RADIATION
SUMMARY OF IONIZING RADIATION ANALYSIS ON THE LONG DURATION
EXPOSURE FACILITY ............................................................................................................. 199
T. A. Parnell
PREDICTION OF LDEF IONIZING RADIATION ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 213
John W. Watts, T. A. Parnell, James H. Derrickson, T. W. Annstrong
and E. V. Benton,
GAMMA RADIATION SURVEY OF THE LDEF SPACECRAFT .................................................... 225
G. W. Phillips, S. E. King, R. A. August, J. C. Ritter, J. H. Cutchin, P. S. Haskins,
J. E. McKisson, D. W. Ely, A. G. Weisenberger, R. B. Piercey and T. Dybler
*
Part 1 is presented under separate cover.
V
THE INTERACTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDES WITH
SPACECRAFT SURFACES ....................................................................................................... 237
J. C. Gregory, G. J. Fishman, B. A. Harmon and T. A. Parnell
SURFACE ACTIVATION OF CONCORDE BY 7BE ...................................................................... 249
P. R. Truscott, C. S. Dyer and J. C. Flatman
CHARGED PARTICLE ACTIVATION STUDIES ON THE SURFACE OF LDEF
SPACECRAFT ......................................................................................................................... 255
Ilhan Olmez, Forrest Bums and Paul L. Sagalyn
RADIOACTIVITIES OF LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY (LDEF) MATERIALS:
BAGGAGE AND BONANZAS .................................................................................................... 257
Alan R. Smith and Donna L. Hurley
MEASUREMENTS OF INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY IN SOME LDEF SAMPLES ........................... 271
C. E. Moss and R. C. Reedy
GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETRY OF LDEF SAMPLES AT SFU .................................................. 287
Willard G. Winn
INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY IN LDEF COMPONENTS ................................................................ 301
B. A. Harmon, G. J. Fishman, T. A. Parnell and C. E. Laird
THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY FOR LDEF EXPERIMENT M0006 ................................... 313
J. Y. Chang, D. Giangano, T. Kantorcik, M. Stauber, and L. Snead
RADIATION EXPOSURE OF LDEF: INITIAL RESULTS ............................................................. 325
E. V. Benton, A. L. Frank, E. R. Benton, I. Csige, T. A. Parnell and J. W. Watts, Jr.
CHARGED PARTICLE LET-SPECTRA MEASUREMENTS ABOARD LDEF .................................. 339
I. Csige, E. V. Benton, A. L. Frank, L. A. Frigo, E. R. Benton, T. A. Parnell and
J. W. Watts, Jr.
IONIZING RADIATION CALCULATIONS AND COMPARISONS WITH LDEFDATA .................... 347
T. W. Armstrong, B. L. Colbom and J. W. Watts, Jr.
LDEF GEOMETRYMASS MODEL FOR RADIATION ANALYSES ............................................... 361
B. L. Colbom and T. W. Armstrong
THE LDEF ULTRA HEAVY COSMIC RAY EXPERIMENT ........................................................... 367
D. OSullivan, A. Thompson, J. Bosch, R. Keegan, K.-P. Wenzel, A. Smit and
C. Doming0
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE HEAVY IONS IN SPACE EXPERIMENT ........................... 377
James H. Adams, Jr., Lorraine P. Beahm and Allan J. Tylka
HEAVY ION MEASUREMENT ON LDEF .................................................................................... 393
R. Beaujean, D. Jonathal and W. Enge
-
SPACE ENVIRONMENTS METEOROID AND DEBRIS
LARGE CRATERS ON THE METEOROID AND SPACE DEBRIS
IMPACT EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................................... 399
Donald H. Humes
vi
STUDY OF COSMIC DUST PARTICLES ON BOARD LDEF THE FRECOPA
EXPERIMENTS A0138-1 AND A0138-2 ..................................................................................... 419
J. C. Mandeville and Janet Borg
METEOROID/SPACE DEBRIS IMPACTS ON MSFC LDEF EXPERIMENTS .................................. 435
Miria Finckenor
HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT MICROFOIL PERFORATIONS IN THE LEO SPACE ENVIRONMENT
(LDEF, MAP A0023 EXPERIMENT) .......................................................................................... 443
J. A. M. McDonnell and T. J. Stevenson
METEOROID AND DEBRIS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION GROUP DATA
ACQUISITION PROCEDURES ................................................................................................... 459
Thomas H. See, Martha K. Allbrooks, Dale R. Atkinson, Clyde A. Sapp,
Charles G. Simon, and Mike E. Zolensky
METEOROID AND DEBRIS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION GROUP PRELIMINARY
RESULTS: SIZE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND SPATIAL DENSITY OF LARGE
IMPACT FEATURES ON LDEF ................................................................................................. 477
Thomas H. See, Friedrich Horz, Michael E. Zolensky, Martha K. Allbrooks,
Dale R. Atkinson and Charles G. Simon
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF LDEF INSTRUMENT A0187-1
"CHEMISTRY OF MICROMETEOROIDS EXPERIMENT" ............................................................ 487
Friedrich Horz, Ronald P. Bernhard, Jack Warren, Thomas H. See,
Donald E. Brownlee, Mark R. Laurance, Scott Messenger and Robert B. Peterson
SIMS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTENDED IMPACT FEATURES FROM THE
TRAILING EDGE PORTION OF EXPERIMENT A0187-2 .............................................................. 503
Sachiko Amari, John Foote, Charles Simon, Pat Swan, Robert M. Walker, Ernst Zinner,
Elmar K. Jessberger, Gundolf Lange and Frank Stadennann
IDE SPATIO-TEMPORAL IMPACT FLUXES AND HIGH TIME-RESOLUTION STUDIES OF
MULTI-IMPACT EVENTS AND LONG-LIVED DEBRIS CLOUDS ................................................. 517
J. Derral Mulholland, S. Fred Singer, John P. Oliver, Jerry L. Weinberg, William J.
Cooke, Nancy L. Montague, Jim J. Woman, Philip C. Kassel and William H. Kinard
ION MICROPROBE ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF IMPACT FEATURES ON
INTERPLANETARY DUST EXPERIMENT SENSOR SURFACES ................................................. 529
Charles G. Simon, Jerry L. Hunter, Jim J. Wortman and Dieter P. Griffis
LDEF IMPACT CRATERS FORMED BY CARBON-RICH IMPACTORS:
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ....................................................................................................... 549
T. E. Bunch, F. Radicati di Brozolo, Ronald H. Fleming, David W. Harris,
Don Brownlee and Terrence W. Reilly
DYNAMIC (COMPUTER) MODELLING OF THE PARTICULATE ENVIRONMENT:
TRANSFORMATIONS FROM THE LDEF REFERENCE FRAME TO DECODE GEOCENTRIC AND
INTERPLANETARY POPULATIONS .......................................................................................... 565
J. A. M. McDonnell and K. Sullivan
LDEF DATA CORRELATION TO EXISTING NASA DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT MODELS ............... .567
Dale R. Atkinson, Martha K. Allbrooks and Alan J. Watts
DERIVING THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF METEOROIDS FROM THE MEASURED
METEOROID IMPACT DIRECTIONALITY ON THE VARIOUS LDEF SURFACES ......................... 569
Herbert A. Zook
vii
M AND D SIG PROGRESS REPORT LABORATORY SIMULATIONS OF
LDEF IMPACT FEATURES ....................................................................................................... 581
Friedrich HOE, R. P. Bernhard, T. H. See, D. Atkinson and
M. Allbrooks
PRELIMINARY MICROMETEOROID AND DEBRIS EFFECTS ON LDEF THERMAL
CONTROL SURFACES ............................................................................................................. 583
Martha K. Allbrooks, Dale R. Atkinson, Thomas See and Fred Hon
THE INTERSTELLAR GAS EXPERIMENT ................................................................................. 585
D. L. Lind, J. Geiss, F. Buhler and 0. Eugster
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS ..................................................................................................... 595
AUTHOR INDEX .................................................................................................................. 605
PART 2
-
SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MATERIALS
PRELIMINARY FLNDINGS OF THE LDEF MATERIALS SPECIAL INVESTIGATION
GROUP ................................................................................................................................... 617
Bland A. Stein and H. Gary Pippin
ATOMIC OXYGEN AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION MISSION TOTAL EXPOSURES
FOR LDEF EXPERIMENTS ....................................................................................................... 643
R. J. Bourassa, J. R. Gillis and K. W. Rousslang
EFFECTS OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT ON STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ...................................... 663
C. Miglionico, C. Stein, R. Roybal, R. Robertson, L.E. Murr, S. Quinones,
J. Rivas, B. Marquez, A.H. Advani, W.W. Fisher and R. Arrowood
MEASUREMENT OF THE 01*T O 0l6 ISOTOPE RATIO FOR CHARACTERIZING OXIDE
SURFACE LAYERS ON LDEF SAMPLES .................................................................................. 679
Paul L. Sagalyn
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED LDEF POLYMERIC MATERIALS ................ .687
Philip R. Young and Wayne S. Slemp
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER FILMS RETRIEVED FROM LDEF ..................................... 705
Alan Letton, Neil 1. Rock, Kevin D. Williams, Thomas W. Suganac and Allan Farrow
MEASUREMENTS OF EROSION CHARACTERISTICS FOR METAL AND POLYMER
SURFACES USING PROFILOMETRY ........................................................................................ 723
Ligia C. Christl, John C. Gregory and Palmer N. Peters
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY (LDEF) PRELIMINARY FINDINGS:
LEO SPACE EFFECTS ON THE SPACE PLASMA - VOLTAGE DRAINAGE EXPERIMENT ............ 737
Brian K. Blakkolb, James Y. Yaung, Kelly A. Henderson, William W. Taylor
and Lorraine E. Ryan
INTERACTIONS OF ATOMIC OXYGEN WITH MATERIAL SURFACES IN LOW EARTH
ORBIT: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENT A0114 ................................................ 753
J. C. Gregory, L. Christl, G. N. Raikar, J. J. Weimer, R. Wiser
and P. N. Peters
EFFECTS ON LDEF EXPOSED COPPER FILM AND BULK ......................................................... 755
Palmer N. Peters, John C. Gregory, Ligia C. Christl and Ganesh N. Raikar
viii
LDEF EXPERIMENT A0034: ATOMIC OXYGEN STIMULATED OUTGASSING ........................... 763
Roger C. Linton, Rachel R. Kamenetzky, John M. Reynolds and Charles L. Burris
ATOMIC OXYGEN UNDERCUTTING OF LDEF ALUMINIZED-KAFTONM ULTILAYER
INSULATION ........................................................................................................................... 781
Kim K. deGroh and Bruce A. Banks
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR LDEF/HEPP THERMAL CONTROL SAMPLES ............................ 797
Lonny Kauder
ATOMIC OXYGEN INTERACTIONS WITH FEP TEFLON AND SILICONES ONLDEF ................... 801
Bruce A. Banks, Joyce A. Dever, Linda Gebauer and Carol M. Hill
-
VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET (wv)R ADIATION INDUCED DEGRADATION OF
FLUORINATED ETHYLENE PROPYLENE (FEP) TEFLON ABOARD THE LONG
DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY (LDEF) ............................................................................... .8 17
David E. Brinza, A. E. Stiegman, Paul R. Staszak, Eric G. Laue and Ranty H. Liang
SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON SILVERED TEFLON THERMAL CONTROL
SURFACES ............................................................................................................................. 831
C. S. Hemminger, W. K. Stuckey and J. C. Uht
RESULTS OF EXAMINATION OF SILVERED TEFLON FROM THE LONG DURATION
EXPOSURE FACILITY ............................................................................................................. 847
Ken Rousslang, Russ Crutcher and Gary Pippin
SILVER TEFLON BLANKET LDEF TRAY C-08 ......................................................................... 861
E. R. Crutcher, L. S. Nishimura, K. J. Warner and W. W. Wascher
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INTO UHCRE THERMAL CONTROL MATERIALS ................. 875
Francois Levadou, Mike Froggatt, Martin Rott and Eberhard Schneider
INITIAL MATERIALS EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL CONTROL SURFACES
EXPERIMENT (S0069) .............................................................................................................. 899
Donald R. Wilkes, M. John Brown, Leigh L. Hummer and James M. Zwiener
UNUSUAL MATERIALS EFFECTS OBSERVED ON THE THERMAL CONTROL
SURFACES EXPERIMENT (S0069) ............................................................................................ 919
James M. Zwiener, Kenneth A. Herren, Donald R. Wilkes, Leigh Hummer and
Edgar R. Miller
EFFECTS OF LOW EARTH ORBIT ENVIRONMENT ON THE LONG DURATION
EXPOSURE FACILITY THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS .......................................................... 935
Thomas R. Sampair and William M. Berrios
SPACECRm THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS ...................................................................... 945
Jean-Claude Guillaumon and Alain Paillous
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY EXPERIMENT M0003-5 THERMAL CONTROL
MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................ 961
Charles J. Hurley
RESULTS OF EXAMINATION OF THE A276 WHITE AND 2306 BLACK THERMAL
CONTROL PAINT DISKS FLOWN ON LDEF .............................................................................. 975
Johnny L. Golden
ION BEAM TEXTURED AND COATED SURFACES EXPERIMENT (IBEX) ................................... 989
Michael J. Mirtich, Sharon K. Rutledge, Nicholas Stevens, Raymond Olle and
James Merrow
ix
ELLIPSOMETRIC STUDY OF OXIDE FILMS FORMED ON LDEF METAL SAMPLES ................. 1005
W. Franzen, J. S. Brodkin, L. C. Sengupta and P. L. Sagalyn
SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE INTEGRITY OF CHROMIC ACID
ANODIZED COATINGS .......................................................................................................... 1023
Walter L. Plagemann
M0003-10: LDEF ADVANCED COMPOSITES EXPERIMENT .................................................... 1041
Gary L. Steckel and Tuyen D. Le
LDEF - SPACE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON MATERIALS: COMPOSITES AND
SILICONE COATINGS ............................................................................................................ 1055
Brian C. Petrie
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE LDEFRJTIAS COMPOSITE MATERIALS
EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................................................ 1057
R. C. Tennyson, G. E. Mabson, W. D. Morison and J. Kleiman
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY EXPERIMENT M0003 DEINTEGRATION/
FINDINGS AND IMPACTS ...................................................................................................... 1073
M. J. Meshishnek, S. R. Gyetvay, and C. H. Jaggers
SURVEY OF RESULTS FROM THE BOEING MODULES ON THE MOO03 EXPERIMENT
ON LDEF ............................................................................................................................... 1109
H. G. Pippin, Owen Mulkey, Juris Verzemnieks, Emmett Miller, Sylvester Hill
and Hany Dursch
RESULTS FROM ANALYSIS OF BOEING COMPOSITE SPECIMENS FLOWN ON LDEF
EXPERIMENT M0003 ............................................................................................................. 1115
Pete E. George and Sylvester G. Hill
HIGH-TOUGHNESS GRAPHITEEPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIAL EXPERIMENT ....................... 1143
David K. Felbeck
EFFECTS OF LDEF FLIGHT EXPOSURE ON SELECTED POLYMER MATRIX RESIN
COMPOSITE MATERIALS ...................................................................................................... 1149
Wayne S. Slemp, Philip R. Young, William G. Witte, Jr. and James Y. Shen
EFFECT OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND THERMAL
COATINGS (AO138-9) ............................................................................................................. 1163
Michel Parcelier and Jean Pierre Assit5
EFFECT OF SPACE EXPOSURE OF SOME EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES ON THEIR
THERMAL EXPANSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (A0138-8) ...................................... 1175
Heinrich Jabs
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICATE GLASSES EXPOSED TO A LOW-EARTH
ORBIT ................................................................................................................................... 1187
David E. Wiedlocher, Dennis S. Tucker, Ron Nichols and Donald L. Kinser
PATTERNS OF DISCOLORATION AND OXIDATION BY DIRECT AND SCATTERED
FLUXES ON LDEF, INCLUDING OXYGEN ON SILICON ........................................................... 1189
A. R. Frederickson, R. C. Filz, F. J. Rich and P. Sagalyn
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS .................................................................................................. 1201
AUTHOR INDEX ................................................................................................................ 1205
X