Table Of ContentM M B ™
ETHODS IN OLECULAR IOLOGY
Series Editor
John M. Walker
School of Life Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Nanotoxicity
Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Joshua Reineke
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Editor
Joshua Reineke
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy
and Health Sciences
Wayne State University
Detroit, MI, USA
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-62703-001-4 ISBN 978-1-62703-002-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-002-1
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012944369
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Preface
I have the pleasure of introducing this edition of N anotoxicity: Methods and Protocols in the
successful M ethods in Molecular Biology series. I must express my humble gratitude for the
work done by the many contributors of this book and for the patience and assistance of the
series editor, John Walker. Their many efforts have enabled the fruition of this project.
The fi eld of nanotechnology has developed very rapidly over the past decade lending
great promise to medical applications in drug delivery, therapeutics, and biological imag-
ing. Additionally, broad arrays of consumer products have utilized nanomaterials including
cosmetics, food products, textiles, and agriculture. Due to the great promise, rapid devel-
opment, and broad application of nanomaterials, it is imperative that researchers from
development through application seek an understanding of nanotoxicity. Many existing
toxicology techniques have been applied to nanomaterials, and many newly developed
methods to address the unique considerations of nanomaterials are continually emerging.
The methods, protocols, and perspectives highlighted in Nanotoxicity: Methods and Protocols
address the special considerations when applying toxicity studies to nanomaterials and detail
newly developed methods for the study of nanotoxicity. These methods span in vitro cell
culture, model tissues, in situ exposure, in vivo models, analysis in plants, and mathematical
modeling. The diverse protocols covered are relevant to pharmaceutical scientists, material
scientists, bioengineers, toxicologists, environmentalists, immunologists, and cellular and
molecular biologists to name a few. This timely edition aims to diversify the capabilities of
current researchers involved in nanotoxicology and to enable researchers in related fi elds to
expand the knowledge of how nanomaterials interface with the biological environment.
Expansion in the fi eld of nanotoxicology will enable the progression of nanotechnology to
its full potential.
Detroit, MI, USA Joshua Reineke
v
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
1 Historical Overview of Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Annette Santamaria
2 Characterization of Nanomaterials for Toxicological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Kevin W. Powers, Paul L. Carpinone, and Kerry N. Siebein
3 Methods for Understanding the Interaction Between
Nanoparticles and Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pilar Rivera Gil, Martin J.D. Clift,
–
Barbara Rothen Rutishauser, and Wolfgang J. Parak
4 Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) Assay
in Nano-genotoxicology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Maricica Pacurari and Vincent Castranova
5 Single-Cell Nanotoxicity Assays of Superparamagnetic
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Trisha Eustaquio and James F. Leary
6 Western Blot Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Seishiro Hirano
7 Application of Reverse Transcription-PCR and Real-Time
PCR in Nanotoxicity Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Yiqun Mo, Rong Wan, and Qunwei Zhang
8 Deriving TC Values of Nanoparticles from Electrochemical
50
Monitoring of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Indirectly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fuping Zhang, Na Wang, Fang Chang, and Shuping Bi
9 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of IL-8 Production
in Response to Silver Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Eun-Jeong Yang, Jiyoung Jang, Dae-Hyoun Lim,
and In-Hong Choi
10 Metabolomics Techniques in Nanotoxicology Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Laura K. Schnackenberg, Jinchun Sun, and Richard D. Beger
11 Nanoparticle Uptake Measured by Flow Cytometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Yuko Ibuki and Tatsushi Toyooka
12 Determining Biological Activity of Nanoparticles as Measured
by Flow Cytometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Jennifer F. Nyland
13 Whole Cell Impedance Biosensoring Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Evangelia Hondroulis and Chen-Zhong Li
vii
viii Contents
14 Free Energy Calculation of Permeant–Membrane Interactions
Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Paolo Elvati and Angela Violi
15 Screening of Fullerene Toxicity by Hemolysis Assay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Federica Tramer, Tatiana Da Ros, and Sabina Passamonti
16 Assessment of In Vitro Skin Irritation Potential
of Nanoparticles: RHE Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
P. Balakrishna Murthy, A. Sairam Kishore, and P. Surekha
17 In Vivo Methods of Nanotoxicology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Khaled Greish, Giridhar Thiagarajan,
and Hamidreza Ghandehari
18 The Luminescent Bacteria Test to Determine the Acute
Toxicity of Nanoparticle Suspensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Ana Garcia, Sonia Recillas, Antoni Sánchez, and Xavier Font
19 The Primacy of Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials
for Reliable Toxicity Assessment: A Review of the Zebrafish
Nanotoxicology Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
John P. Bohnsack, Shoeleh Assemi, Jan D. Miller,
and Darin Y. Furgeson
20 Application of Embryonic and Adult Zebrafish
for Nanotoxicity Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Jiangxin Wang, Xiaoshan Zhu, Yongsheng Chen,
and Yung Chang
21 Applications of Subsurface Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Laurene Tetard, Ali Passian, Rubye H. Farahi,
Brynn H. Voy, and Thomas Thundat
22 Application of ICP-MS for the Study of Disposition
and Toxicity of Metal-Based Nanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Mo-Hsiung Yang, Chia-Hua Lin, Louis W. Chang,
and Pinpin Lin
23 Quantitative Nanoparticle Organ Disposition by Gel
Permeation Chromatography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Abdul Khader Mohammad and Joshua Reineke
24 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
for Nanoparticle Toxicity Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Mingguang Li and Joshua Reineke
25 Biophysical Methods for Assessing Plant Responses
to Nanoparticle Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Tatsiana A. Ratnikova, Ran Chen, Priyanka Bhattacharya,
and Pu Chun Ke
26 In Vivo Nanotoxicity Assays in Plant Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Mamta Kumari, Vinita Ernest, Amitava Mukherjee,
and Natarajan Chandrasekaran
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Contributors
SHOELEH ASSEMI (cid:129) Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT , USA
RICHARD D. B EGER (cid:129) Division of Systems Biology , National Center for Toxicological
Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR , USA
PRIYANKA BHATTACHARYA (cid:129) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University,
Clemson , SC , USA
SHUPING BI (cid:129) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry of China and MOE Key Laboratory for Life Science,
Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
JOHN P. BOHNSACK (cid:129) Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT , USA
PAUL L. CARPINONE (cid:129) University of Florida, Gainesville, FL , USA
VINCENT CASTRANOVA (cid:129) Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV , USA
NATARAJAN CHANDRASEKARAN (cid:129) Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University ,
Vellore , India
FANG CHANG (cid:129) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Coordination, Chemistry of China and MOE Key Laboratory for Life Science,
Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
LOUIS W. CHANG (cid:129) Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
YUNG CHANG (cid:129) Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute,
Arizona State University, Tempe , AZ , USA
RAN CHEN (cid:129) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson ,
SC , USA
YONGSHENG CHEN (cid:129) The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment ,
Arizona State University, Tempe , AZ , USA Y. Chen
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology ,
Atlanta , GA , USA
IN-HONG CHOI (cid:129) Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University ,
Seoul , South Korea
MARTIN J.D. CLIFT (cid:129) BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of
Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
TATIANA DA ROS (cid:129) Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche,
Piazzale Europa Trieste , Italy
PAOLO ELVATI (cid:129) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI , USA
VINITA ERNEST (cid:129) Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University , Vellore , India
TRISHA EUSTAQUIO (cid:129) Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN , USA
RUBYE H. FARAHI (cid:129) Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN , USA ;
Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN , USA
ix
x Contributors
XAVIER FONT (cid:129) Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
DARIN Y. FURGESON (cid:129) Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT , USA
ANA GARCIA (cid:129) Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
HAMIDREZA GHANDEHARI (cid:129) Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Utah Center for Nanomedicine,
Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT , USA
KHALED GREISH (cid:129) Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Otago School
of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
SEISHIRO HIRANO (cid:129) Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, RCER,
National Institute for Environmental Studies , Ibaraki , Japan
EVANGELIA HONDROULIS (cid:129) Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University ,
Miami , FL , USA
YUKO IBUKI (cid:129) Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka,
Shizuoka-shi, Japan
JIYOUNG JANG (cid:129) Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University ,
Seoul , South Korea
PU CHUN KE (cid:129) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University,
Clemson , SC , USA
A. SAIRAM KISHORE (cid:129) International Institute for Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT),
Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
MAMTA KUMARI (cid:129) Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University Vellore , India
JAMES F. LEARY (cid:129) School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences,
Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Bindley Bioscience and Birck
Nanotechnology Centers, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN , USA
CHEN-ZHONG LI (cid:129) Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
MINGGUANG LI (cid:129) Optimum Therapeutics, LLC, San Diego, CA , USA
DAE-HYOUN LIM (cid:129) Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University ,
Seoul , South Korea
CHIA-HUA LIN (cid:129) Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine ,
National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
PINPIN LIN (cid:129) Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine ,
National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
JAN D. M ILLER (cid:129) Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT , USA
YIQUN MO (cid:129) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences,
School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville,
Louisville, KY , USA
ABDUL KHADER MOHAMMAD (cid:129) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI , USA
AMITAVA MUKHERJEE (cid:129) Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore , India
P. BALAKRISHNA MURTHY (cid:129) International Institute for Biotechnology and Toxicology
( IIBAT) , Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
