Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Materials: Properties, Preparation and Applications

205 Pages·2011·4.385 MB·English

by  Alireza Khataee, G. Ali Mansoori

Nanostructured
Titanium Dioxide
Materials

Properties, Preparation
and Applications
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Nanostructured
Titanium Dioxide
Materials
Properties, Preparation
and Applications

Alireza Khataee
University of Tabriz, Iran
G Ali Mansoori
University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
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Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

NANOSTRUCTURED TITANIUM DIOXIDE MATERIALS
Properties, Preparation and Applications
Copyright © 2012 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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ISBN-13 978-981-4374-72-9
ISBN-10 981-4374-72-5
Printed in Singapore.
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Brief Summary

In the past decade, research and development in the area of synthesis and
application of different nanostructured titanium dioxide (nanowires,
nanotubes, nanfibers and nanoparticles) have become tremendous. This
book briefly describes the properties, production, modification and
applications of nanostructured titanium dioxide. Special emphasis is
placed on photocatalytic activity as well as on some requirements for
efficient photocatalysts. The physicochemical properties of
nanostructured titanium dioxide are highlighted and the links between
properties and applications are de scribed. The preparation of TiO2
nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanosheets,
nanofibers and nanotubes are primarily categorized with the relevant
preparation method (e. g. sol–gel and hydrothermal processes). Examples
of early applications of nanostructured titanium dioxide in dye–sensitized
solar cells, hydrogen production and storage, sensors, rechargeable
batteries, self–cleaning and antibacterial surfaces electrocatalysis and
photocatalytic cancer treatment are then reviewed. Since many
applications of TiO nanomaterials are closely related to their optical
2
properties, this book presents a section on the research related to the
modifications of the optical properties of TiO nanomaterials. TiO
2 2
nanomaterials normally are transparent in the visible light region. By
doping, it is possible to improve the optical sensitivity and activity of
TiO nanomaterials in the visible light region. Photocatalytic removal of
2
various pollutants using pure TiO nanomaterials, TiO –based nanoclays
2 2
and non–metal doped nanostructured TiO are also discussed. Finally, we
2
describe immobilization methods of TiO nanomaterials on different
2
substrates (e.g. glass, ceramic, stone, cement, zeolites, metallic and metal
oxide materials and polymer substrates).

Keywords: Titanium dioxide, Titanate nanotubes, Nanoparticles,
Nanosheets, Nanofibers, NS–TiO , Sol–gel process, Nanoclays, Doped–
2
TiO , Hydrothermal process, Photocatalysis, Electrocatalysis, Solar cell,
2
Lithium batteries, Antibacterial surfaces, Self–cleaning surfaces,
Photocatalytic cancer treatment, H production, Environmental
2
remediation, Immobilized TiO .
2
v
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Contents

Brief Summary v

Chapter 1 - Introduction 1

Chapter 2 - Properties of Titanium Dioxide and Its Nanoparticles 5
2.1. Structural and Crystallographic Properties 5
2.2. Photocatalytic Properties of Nanostructured Titanium 7
Dioxide

Chapter 3 - Preparation of Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide and 12
Titanates
3. 1. Vapor Deposition Method 12
3. 2. Solvothermal Method 13
3. 3. Electrochemical Approaches 13
3. 4. Solution Combustion Method 13
3. 5. Microemulsion Technique 14
3. 6. Micelle and Inverse Micelle Methods 15
3. 7. Combustion Flame–Chemical Vapor Condensation 16
Process
3. 8. Sonochemical Reactions 16
3. 9. Plasma Evaporation 17
3. 10. Hydrothermal Processing 17
3. 11. Sol–Gel Technology 29

Chapter 4 - Applications of Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide 38
4.1. Dye–Sensitized Solar Cells 39
4.2. Hydrogen Production 43
4.3. Hydrogen Storage 48
4.4. Sensors 51
4.5. Batteries 56
4.6. Cancer Prevention and Treatment 59
4.7. Antibacterial and Self–Cleaning Applications 64
4.8. Electrocatalysis 70
vii
viii Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Materials
4.9. Photocatalytic Applications of Titanium Dioxide 71
Nanomaterials
4.9.1. Pure Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials 71
4.9.2. TiO –based Nanoclays 82
2
4.9.3. Metal ions and Non–metal Atoms Doped 86
Nanostructured TiO
2

Chapter 5 - Supported and Immobilized Titanium Dioxide 98
Nanomaterials
5.1. Immobilization on Glass Substrates 98
5.2. Immobilization on Stone, Ceramic, Cement and 106

Zeolite
5.3. Immobilization on Metallic and Metal Oxide 114
Materials
5.4. Immobilization on Polymer Substrates 121

Discussion and Conclusions 132
References 132
Glossary 179
Index 189
Chapter 1

Introduction
Titanium Dioxide (TiO ) has a wide range of applications. Since its
2
commercial production in the early twentieth century, it is used as a
pigment in paints, coatings, sunscreens, ointments and toothpaste. TiO is
2
considered a “quality–of–life” product with demand affected by gross
domestic product in various regions of the world. Titanium dioxide
pigments are inorganic chemical pro ducts used for imparting whiteness,
brightness and opacity to a diverse range of applications and end–use
markets. TiO as a pigment derives value from its whitening properties
2
and opacifying ability (commonly referred to as hiding power). As a
result of TiO 's high refractive index rating, it can provide more hiding
2
power than any other commercially available white pigment. Titanium
dioxide is obtained from a variety of ores that contain ilmenite, rutile,
anatase and leucoxene, which are mined from deposits located
throughout the world. The commercial production of this pigment started
in the early twentieth century during the investigation of ways to convert
ilmenite to iron or titanium–iron alloys. The first industrial production of
TiO started in 1918 in Norway, the United State and Germany. Crystals
2
of titanium dioxide exist in three crystalline forms: Rutile, Anatase and
Brookite (see Figures 1 and 2). Only anatase and rutile forms have good
pigmentary properties. However, rutile is more thermally stable than
anatase. Most titanium dioxide pigments, either as the rutile or the
anatase form, are produced from titanium mineral concentrates through a
chloride or sulfate process [1–3].
The purpose of this report is to present and discuss properties,
production, modification and applications of nanostructured titanium
dioxide (NS–TiO ). With the advent of nanotechnology, NS–TiO has
2 2
found a great deal of applications. Nanotechnology is a growing and
cutting edge technology that has influenced many fields of research and
development areas such as biology, chemistry, material science,
medicine and physics. With the inception of nanoscience and
1