Nanostructured metals and alloys: Processing, microstructure, mechanical properties and applications

828 Pages·2011·29.72 MB·English

by  Sung H. Whang

1
2
Nanostructured metals and alloys
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
1
2
43X
i
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1 R elated titles:
2
3 Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy
(ISBN 978-1-84569-654-2)
4
This authoritative book reviews the latest advances in the study of the metallurgy of
5
aluminium and how this knowledge is applied to the production, casting and processing
6
of the metal and its alloys. It includes a comprehensive range of chapters on topics
7
such as production, casting, alloys and heat treatments, through to physical metallurgy
8 and applications.
9
Corrosion of magnesium alloys
10
(ISBN 978-1-84569-708-2)
1
The book gives a comprehensive account of the corrosion of magnesium alloys. The
2 book covers the better known methods of corrosion, such as atmospheric, as well as
3 the lesser known processes such as corrosion in engine coolants and the corrosion
4 mechanisms of implants. The use of magnesium alloys is increasing in a range of
5 applications and their popularity is growing wherever lightweight materials are
needed. The book covers the fundamentals of magnesium alloy corrosion, metallurgical
6
effects, environment-affected behaviour and protected magnesium alloys.
7
8 Welding and joining of magnesium alloys
9 (ISBN 978-1-84569-692-4)
This book covers all aspects of the welding and joining of magnesium alloys.
20
Magnesium and its alloys have been used for many years and their use is increasing
1
due to their superior properties and light weight. Part I includes welding metallurgy,
2
preparation for welding and welding materials. Part II covers the various welding
3 technologies that can be used for joining magnesium alloys and Part III includes other
4 joining technologies, weld defects and corrosion protection.
5
Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books can be obtained by:
6
7 • visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com
• contacting Customer Services (e-mail: [email protected]; fax:
8
[phone]; tel.: [phone] ext. 130; address: Woodhead
9
Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK)
30
1 If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your
address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis.
2
[email protected]). Please confirm which subject areas you are
3
interested in.
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
1
2
43X
ii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1
2
3
4
Nanostructured 5
6
7
metals and alloys 8
9
10
1
Processing, microstructure, mechanical
2
properties and applications 3
4
5
6
7
Edited by 8
9
Sung H. Whang 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
1
2
43X
iii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
2 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
3 www.woodheadpublishing.com
4
Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia,
5 PA 19102-3406, USA
6
7 Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House,
7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India
8
www.woodheadpublishingindia.com
9
10 First published 2011, Woodhead Publishing Limited
1 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
The authors have asserted their moral rights.
2
3 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
4 Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable
5 efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the
6
authors nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable
7 for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by
8 this book.
9 Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or
20
by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
1 Woodhead Publishing Limited.
2 The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general
3 distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission
must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying.
4
5 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
6 trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to
7 infringe.
8
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
30
1 ISBN 978-1-84569-670-2 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-112-3 (online)
2
3 The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable
4 forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using
5 acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that
the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation
6
standards.
7
8 Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk, UK
9 Printed by TJI Digital, Padstow, Cornwall, UK
40
1
2
43X
iv
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1
2
Contents
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
Contributor contact details xv 3
4
Introduction xxi 5
S.H. WHang, New York University, USA 6
7
8
Part I Processing bulk nanostructured metals and alloys 1
9
1 Producing bulk nanostructured metals and alloys 20
by severe plastic deformation (SPD) 3 1
R.Z. ValieV, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Russia 2
3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The principles of severe plastic deformation (SPD) 4
processing 4 5
1.3 New trends in SPD processing for effective grain refinement 8 6
1.4 Enhanced properties achieved using SPD processing 22 7
1.5 Innovation potential of bulk nanostructured materials 33 8
1.6 Conclusions 34 9
1.7 References 35 30
1
2 Bulk nanostructured metals and alloys produced 2
by accumulative roll-bonding 40 3
n. TSuji, Kyoto University, Japan 4
2.1 Introduction 40 5
2.2 The principle of accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) 41 6
2.3 Processing details 42 7
2.4 Change in microstructures during the process 45 8
2.5 Mechanical properties of nanostructured metals fabricated 9
by ARB 53 40
2.6 Conclusions 57 1
2.7 References 57
2
43X
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
vi Contents
1 3 Nanocrystalline metals and alloys prepared by
2 mechanical attrition 59
3 S. Scudino and j. eckeRT, IFW Dresden, Germany
4 3.1 Introduction 59
5 3.2 Mechanical attrition 60
6 3.3 Nanocrystalline phase formation by mechanical attrition 62
7 3.4 Consolidation of nanocrystalline powders 75
8 3.5 Conclusion and future trends 80
9 3.6 Acknowledgements 81
10 3.7 References 82
1
2 4 The processing of nanocrystalline steels by
3 solid reaction 85
4 F.G. CaballeRo and C. GaRcía-MaTeo, National Center for
5 Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Spain
6 4.1 Introduction 85
7 4.2 The finest grain structures in steels 86
8 4.3 Phase transformation theory: a powerful tool for the
9 design of advanced steels, from micro to nano 89
4.4 NANOBAIN steel: a material going to extremes 93
20
4.5 Accelerating the bainite reaction at low temperatures 98
1
4.6 Characterizing nanocrystalline bainitic steels at the
2
atomic scale 98
3
4.7 The mechanical properties of nanocrystalline bainitic steels 107
4
4.8 Conclusion and future trends 113
5
4.9 Sources of further information and advice 114
6
4.10 Acknowledgements 114
7
4.11 References 114
8
9
5 The processing of bulk nanocrystalline metals and
30
alloys by electrodeposition 118
1
U. ERb, University of Toronto, Canada and G. Palumbo and
2
J.L. MccRea, Integran Technologies Inc., Canada
3
5.1 Introduction 118
4
5.2 Electrodeposition methods 119
5
5.3 Examples of nanocrystalline metals and alloys prepared by
6
electrodeposition 128
7
5.4 Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposits 136
8 5.5 Corrosion properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposits 141
9 5.6 Other properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposits 143
40 5.7 Applications 145
1 5.8 Acknowledgements 146
2 5.9 References 146
43X
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
Contents vii
6 Bulk nanocrystalline and nanocomposite alloys 1
produced from amorphous phase 152 2
A. Inoue and D.V. LouZguine, Tohoku University, Japan 3
6.1 Introduction 152 4
6.2 The formation of bulk metallic glassy alloys 153 5
6.3 The formation of a nanostructure by crystallization of the glassy 6
phase, by deformation or directly from the melt on casting 159 7
6.4 The formation of nano-quasicrystals 165 8
6.5 The mechanical properties of nanocomposite alloys 167 9
6.6 The magnetic properties of nanocomposite alloys 169 10
6.7 Conclusions 172 1
6.8 References 173 2
3
7 Severe plastic deformation and the production of
4
nanostructured alloys by machining 178
5
J.B. Mann, M4 Sciences, USA, S. CHandRaSekaR, W.D. CompTon, 6
and K.P. TRumble, Purdue University, USA, C. Saldana, and 7
S. SWaminaTHan, GE John F. Welch Technology Center, India, 8
W. MoScoSo and T.G. MuRTHy, Indian Institute of Science, India 9
7.1 Introduction 178
20
7.2 The mechanics of severe plastic deformation (SPD)
1
in machining 179
2
7.3 A study of microstructure refinement 189
3
7.4 Bulk forms with ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure 196
4
7.5 Nanostructured particulate 200
5
7.6 Surface nanostructuring 205
6
7.7 Conclusions 207
7
7.8 Acknowledgements 207
8
7.9 References 208
9
30
Part II Microstructure 211 1
2
8 Deformation structures including twins in 3
nanograined pure metals 213 4
K. HaTTaR, Sandia National Laboratories, USA 5
8.1 Introduction 213 6
8.2 Classical defect structures in nanograined metals 214 7
8.3 Classical defect structures absent in nanograined metals 221 8
8.4 Novel defect structures in nanograined metals 224 9
8.5 The effect of initial microstructure on deformation structures 230 40
8.6 Future trends 236
1
8.7 Acknowledgements 239
2
8.8 References 239
43X
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
viii Contents
1 9 Microstructure and mechanical properties of
2 nanostructured low-carbon steel prepared by
3 equal-channel angular pressing 243
4 Y.G. Ko, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea, and D.H. SHin,
5 Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
6 9.1 Introduction 243
7 9.2 The microstructural evolution of low-carbon steel (LCS) 244
8 9.3 The mechanical response of a nanostructured LCS alloy 261
9 9.4 Enhanced tensile properties by grain refinement and
10 microstructural modification 268
1 9.5 Continuous shear drawing: a new processing method 270
2 9.6 Conclusion 272
3 9.7 References 272
4
10 Characteristic structures and properties of nanostructured
5
metals prepared by plastic deformation 276
6
7 X. Huang, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
8 10.1 Introduction 276
9 10.2 Characteristic microstructures 277
10.3 Hardening by annealing and softening by deformation 286
20
10.4 Optimisation of microstructure and mechanical properties 289
1
10.5 Conclusions 290
2
10.6 Acknowledgements 294
3
10.7 References 294
4
5
6 Part III Mechanical properties 297
7
8 11 Strengthening mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals 299
9 d.g. moRRiS, National Center for Metallurgical Research
30 (CENIM-CSIC), Spain
1 11.1 Introduction 299
2 11.2 The deformation of polycrystals; the Hall–Petch model for
3 strengthening; typical strength and hardness data 300
4 11.3 Hall–Petch breakdown: a fine grain size limit to models 303
5 11.4 Hall–Petch breakdown: the importance of defective materials 304
6 11.5 Alternative deformation mechanisms at very fine grain sizes 307
7 11.6 Strengthening caused by second-phase particles 314
8 11.7 Strengthening caused by other factors: solute, order, twin
9 boundaries 319
11.8 Strengthening mechanisms in materials with ultrafine
40
microstructure prepared by severe plastic deformation 320
1
11.9 Conclusion and future trends 324
2
11.10 References 325
43X
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
Contents ix
12 Elastic and plastic deformation in nanocrystalline 1
metals 329 2
M.Y. GuTkin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 3
12.1 Introduction 329 4
12.2 Elastic strains in nanocrystalline metals 330 5
12.3 Plastic deformation in nanocrystalline metals 337 6
12.4 Conclusions and future trends 365 7
12.5 Sources of further information and advice 367 8
12.6 Acknowledgements 367 9
12.7 References 367 10
1
13 The mechanical properties of multi-scale metallic 2
materials 375 3
Y.H. ZHao and E.J. LaVeRnia, University of California Davis, USA 4
13.1 Introduction 375 5
13.2 Mechanical properties of multi-scale metallic materials 383 6
13.3 Deformation and fracture mechanisms of multi-scale 7
metallic materials 405 8
13.4 Future trends 425 9
13.5 Conclusions 425
20
13.6 Acknowledgements 426
1
13.7 References 426
2
3
14 Enhanced ductility and its mechanisms in
4
nanocrystalline metallic materials 430
5
I.A. OVid’ko, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
6
14.1 Introduction 430
7
14.2 General aspects concerning the tensile ductility of
8
materials 431
9
14.3 Plastic flow mechanisms in coarse-grained metallic
30
polycrystals, ultrafine-grained metals and nanocrystalline
1
metals with intermediate grains 435
2
14.4 Plastic flow mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals with
3
the finest grains 436
4
14.5 Specific features of crack nucleation and growth processes
5
in nanocrystalline metallic materials 440
6
14.6 Enhanced ductility of artifact-free nanocrystalline metals
7
with narrow grain size distributions 444
14.7 Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline metals due to twin 8
deformation and growth twins 446 9
14.8 Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline metals due to strain 40
rate hardening 448 1
14.9 Enhanced ductility of single-phase nanocrystalline metals 2
with bimodal structures 449 43X
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
x Contents
1 1 4.10 Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline metallic composites
2 with second-phase nanoparticles, dendrite-like inclusions
3 and carbon nanotubes 451
4 14.11 Conclusions and future trends 452
5 14.12 Sources of further information and advice 454
6 14.13 Acknowledgements 455
7 14.14 References 455
8
15 The mechanical behavior of nanostructured metals
9
based on molecular dynamics computer simulations 459
10
1 V.I. YamakoV, National Institute of Aerospace, USA
2 15.1 Introduction 459
3 15.2 The structure and properties of grain boundaries in
nanocrystalline (NC) metals by molecular dynamics (MD)
4
simulation 461
5
15.3 Deformation mechanisms in nanoscale grains 465
6
15.4 Grain growth and microstructure evolution in NC metals 472
7
15.5 Conclusions 476
8
15.6 Acknowledgement 477
9
15.7 References 477
20
1
16 The surface deformation and mechanical behavior in
2
nanostructured alloys 481
3
L.L. SHaW, University of Connecticut, USA
4
16.1 Introduction 481
5
16.2 Mechanics aspects during surface severe plastic deformation 482
6
16.3 Changes in the microstructure and stress states induced by
7
surface severe plastic deformation 484
8
16.4 Tensile properties of metals with a nanocrystalline surface
9
and hardened layer 493
30
16.5 Fatigue resistance of metals with a nanocrystalline surface
1 and hardened layer 499
2 16.6 Wear resistance of metals with a nanocrystalline surface and
3 hardened layer 501
4 16.7 Conclusions 502
5 16.8 Acknowledgements 504
6 16.9 References 504
7
8 17 Fatigue behaviour in nanostructured metals 507
9 H.W. Höppel and M. Göken, Friedrich-Alexander University of
40 Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
1 17.1 Introduction and motivation 507
2 17.2 General findings on the fatigue behaviour and the fatigue
43X lives of nanostructured model materials 509
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011