Nanostructured metals and alloys: Processing, microstructure, mechanical properties and applications

828 Pages·2011·29.72 MB·English

by  Sung H. Whang

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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1 R elated titles:
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3 Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy
(ISBN 978-1-84569-654-2)
4
This authoritative book reviews the latest advances in the study of the metallurgy of
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aluminium and how this knowledge is applied to the production, casting and processing
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of the metal and its alloys. It includes a comprehensive range of chapters on topics
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such as production, casting, alloys and heat treatments, through to physical metallurgy
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Corrosion of magnesium alloys
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(ISBN 978-1-84569-708-2)
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The book gives a comprehensive account of the corrosion of magnesium alloys. The
2 book covers the better known methods of corrosion, such as atmospheric, as well as
3 the lesser known processes such as corrosion in engine coolants and the corrosion
4 mechanisms of implants. The use of magnesium alloys is increasing in a range of
5 applications and their popularity is growing wherever lightweight materials are
needed. The book covers the fundamentals of magnesium alloy corrosion, metallurgical
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effects, environment-affected behaviour and protected magnesium alloys.
7
8 Welding and joining of magnesium alloys
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This book covers all aspects of the welding and joining of magnesium alloys.
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Magnesium and its alloys have been used for many years and their use is increasing
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due to their superior properties and light weight. Part I includes welding metallurgy,
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preparation for welding and welding materials. Part II covers the various welding
3 technologies that can be used for joining magnesium alloys and Part III includes other
4 joining technologies, weld defects and corrosion protection.
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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Nanostructured 5
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metals and alloys 8
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Processing, microstructure, mechanical
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properties and applications 3
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Edited by 8
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Sung H. Whang 20
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
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Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia,
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10 First published 2011, Woodhead Publishing Limited
1 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
The authors have asserted their moral rights.
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1 ISBN 978-1-84569-670-2 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-112-3 (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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Contents
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Contributor contact details xv 3
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Introduction xxi 5
S.H. WHang, New York University, USA 6
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Part I Processing bulk nanostructured metals and alloys 1
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1 Producing bulk nanostructured metals and alloys 20
by severe plastic deformation (SPD) 3 1
R.Z. ValieV, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Russia 2
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1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The principles of severe plastic deformation (SPD) 4
processing 4 5
1.3 New trends in SPD processing for effective grain refinement 8 6
1.4 Enhanced properties achieved using SPD processing 22 7
1.5 Innovation potential of bulk nanostructured materials 33 8
1.6 Conclusions 34 9
1.7 References 35 30
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2 Bulk nanostructured metals and alloys produced 2
by accumulative roll-bonding 40 3
n. TSuji, Kyoto University, Japan 4
2.1 Introduction 40 5
2.2 The principle of accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) 41 6
2.3 Processing details 42 7
2.4 Change in microstructures during the process 45 8
2.5 Mechanical properties of nanostructured metals fabricated 9
by ARB 53 40
2.6 Conclusions 57 1
2.7 References 57
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
vi Contents
1 3 Nanocrystalline metals and alloys prepared by
2 mechanical attrition 59
3 S. Scudino and j. eckeRT, IFW Dresden, Germany
4 3.1 Introduction 59
5 3.2 Mechanical attrition 60
6 3.3 Nanocrystalline phase formation by mechanical attrition 62
7 3.4 Consolidation of nanocrystalline powders 75
8 3.5 Conclusion and future trends 80
9 3.6 Acknowledgements 81
10 3.7 References 82
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2 4 The processing of nanocrystalline steels by
3 solid reaction 85
4 F.G. CaballeRo and C. GaRcía-MaTeo, National Center for
5 Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Spain
6 4.1 Introduction 85
7 4.2 The finest grain structures in steels 86
8 4.3 Phase transformation theory: a powerful tool for the
9 design of advanced steels, from micro to nano 89
4.4 NANOBAIN steel: a material going to extremes 93
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4.5 Accelerating the bainite reaction at low temperatures 98
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4.6 Characterizing nanocrystalline bainitic steels at the
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atomic scale 98
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4.7 The mechanical properties of nanocrystalline bainitic steels 107
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4.8 Conclusion and future trends 113
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4.9 Sources of further information and advice 114
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4.10 Acknowledgements 114
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4.11 References 114
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5 The processing of bulk nanocrystalline metals and
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alloys by electrodeposition 118
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U. ERb, University of Toronto, Canada and G. Palumbo and
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J.L. MccRea, Integran Technologies Inc., Canada
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5.1 Introduction 118
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5.2 Electrodeposition methods 119
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5.3 Examples of nanocrystalline metals and alloys prepared by
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electrodeposition 128
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5.4 Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposits 136
8 5.5 Corrosion properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposits 141
9 5.6 Other properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposits 143
40 5.7 Applications 145
1 5.8 Acknowledgements 146
2 5.9 References 146
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Contents vii
6 Bulk nanocrystalline and nanocomposite alloys 1
produced from amorphous phase 152 2
A. Inoue and D.V. LouZguine, Tohoku University, Japan 3
6.1 Introduction 152 4
6.2 The formation of bulk metallic glassy alloys 153 5
6.3 The formation of a nanostructure by crystallization of the glassy 6
phase, by deformation or directly from the melt on casting 159 7
6.4 The formation of nano-quasicrystals 165 8
6.5 The mechanical properties of nanocomposite alloys 167 9
6.6 The magnetic properties of nanocomposite alloys 169 10
6.7 Conclusions 172 1
6.8 References 173 2
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7 Severe plastic deformation and the production of
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nanostructured alloys by machining 178
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J.B. Mann, M4 Sciences, USA, S. CHandRaSekaR, W.D. CompTon, 6
and K.P. TRumble, Purdue University, USA, C. Saldana, and 7
S. SWaminaTHan, GE John F. Welch Technology Center, India, 8
W. MoScoSo and T.G. MuRTHy, Indian Institute of Science, India 9
7.1 Introduction 178
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7.2 The mechanics of severe plastic deformation (SPD)
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in machining 179
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7.3 A study of microstructure refinement 189
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7.4 Bulk forms with ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure 196
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7.5 Nanostructured particulate 200
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7.6 Surface nanostructuring 205
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7.7 Conclusions 207
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7.8 Acknowledgements 207
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7.9 References 208
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Part II Microstructure 211 1
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8 Deformation structures including twins in 3
nanograined pure metals 213 4
K. HaTTaR, Sandia National Laboratories, USA 5
8.1 Introduction 213 6
8.2 Classical defect structures in nanograined metals 214 7
8.3 Classical defect structures absent in nanograined metals 221 8
8.4 Novel defect structures in nanograined metals 224 9
8.5 The effect of initial microstructure on deformation structures 230 40
8.6 Future trends 236
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8.7 Acknowledgements 239
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8.8 References 239
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viii Contents
1 9 Microstructure and mechanical properties of
2 nanostructured low-carbon steel prepared by
3 equal-channel angular pressing 243
4 Y.G. Ko, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea, and D.H. SHin,
5 Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
6 9.1 Introduction 243
7 9.2 The microstructural evolution of low-carbon steel (LCS) 244
8 9.3 The mechanical response of a nanostructured LCS alloy 261
9 9.4 Enhanced tensile properties by grain refinement and
10 microstructural modification 268
1 9.5 Continuous shear drawing: a new processing method 270
2 9.6 Conclusion 272
3 9.7 References 272
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10 Characteristic structures and properties of nanostructured
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metals prepared by plastic deformation 276
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7 X. Huang, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
8 10.1 Introduction 276
9 10.2 Characteristic microstructures 277
10.3 Hardening by annealing and softening by deformation 286
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10.4 Optimisation of microstructure and mechanical properties 289
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10.5 Conclusions 290
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10.6 Acknowledgements 294
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10.7 References 294
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6 Part III Mechanical properties 297
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8 11 Strengthening mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals 299
9 d.g. moRRiS, National Center for Metallurgical Research
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1 11.1 Introduction 299
2 11.2 The deformation of polycrystals; the Hall–Petch model for
3 strengthening; typical strength and hardness data 300
4 11.3 Hall–Petch breakdown: a fine grain size limit to models 303
5 11.4 Hall–Petch breakdown: the importance of defective materials 304
6 11.5 Alternative deformation mechanisms at very fine grain sizes 307
7 11.6 Strengthening caused by second-phase particles 314
8 11.7 Strengthening caused by other factors: solute, order, twin
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11.8 Strengthening mechanisms in materials with ultrafine
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microstructure prepared by severe plastic deformation 320
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11.9 Conclusion and future trends 324
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11.10 References 325
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Contents ix
12 Elastic and plastic deformation in nanocrystalline 1
metals 329 2
M.Y. GuTkin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 3
12.1 Introduction 329 4
12.2 Elastic strains in nanocrystalline metals 330 5
12.3 Plastic deformation in nanocrystalline metals 337 6
12.4 Conclusions and future trends 365 7
12.5 Sources of further information and advice 367 8
12.6 Acknowledgements 367 9
12.7 References 367 10
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13 The mechanical properties of multi-scale metallic 2
materials 375 3
Y.H. ZHao and E.J. LaVeRnia, University of California Davis, USA 4
13.1 Introduction 375 5
13.2 Mechanical properties of multi-scale metallic materials 383 6
13.3 Deformation and fracture mechanisms of multi-scale 7
metallic materials 405 8
13.4 Future trends 425 9
13.5 Conclusions 425
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13.6 Acknowledgements 426
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13.7 References 426
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14 Enhanced ductility and its mechanisms in
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nanocrystalline metallic materials 430
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I.A. OVid’ko, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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14.1 Introduction 430
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14.2 General aspects concerning the tensile ductility of
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materials 431
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14.3 Plastic flow mechanisms in coarse-grained metallic
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polycrystals, ultrafine-grained metals and nanocrystalline
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metals with intermediate grains 435
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14.4 Plastic flow mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals with
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the finest grains 436
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14.5 Specific features of crack nucleation and growth processes
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in nanocrystalline metallic materials 440
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14.6 Enhanced ductility of artifact-free nanocrystalline metals
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with narrow grain size distributions 444
14.7 Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline metals due to twin 8
deformation and growth twins 446 9
14.8 Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline metals due to strain 40
rate hardening 448 1
14.9 Enhanced ductility of single-phase nanocrystalline metals 2
with bimodal structures 449 43X
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x Contents
1 1 4.10 Enhanced ductility of nanocrystalline metallic composites
2 with second-phase nanoparticles, dendrite-like inclusions
3 and carbon nanotubes 451
4 14.11 Conclusions and future trends 452
5 14.12 Sources of further information and advice 454
6 14.13 Acknowledgements 455
7 14.14 References 455
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15 The mechanical behavior of nanostructured metals
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based on molecular dynamics computer simulations 459
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1 V.I. YamakoV, National Institute of Aerospace, USA
2 15.1 Introduction 459
3 15.2 The structure and properties of grain boundaries in
nanocrystalline (NC) metals by molecular dynamics (MD)
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simulation 461
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15.3 Deformation mechanisms in nanoscale grains 465
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15.4 Grain growth and microstructure evolution in NC metals 472
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15.5 Conclusions 476
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15.6 Acknowledgement 477
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15.7 References 477
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16 The surface deformation and mechanical behavior in
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nanostructured alloys 481
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L.L. SHaW, University of Connecticut, USA
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16.1 Introduction 481
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16.2 Mechanics aspects during surface severe plastic deformation 482
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16.3 Changes in the microstructure and stress states induced by
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surface severe plastic deformation 484
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16.4 Tensile properties of metals with a nanocrystalline surface
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and hardened layer 493
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16.5 Fatigue resistance of metals with a nanocrystalline surface
1 and hardened layer 499
2 16.6 Wear resistance of metals with a nanocrystalline surface and
3 hardened layer 501
4 16.7 Conclusions 502
5 16.8 Acknowledgements 504
6 16.9 References 504
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8 17 Fatigue behaviour in nanostructured metals 507
9 H.W. Höppel and M. Göken, Friedrich-Alexander University of
40 Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
1 17.1 Introduction and motivation 507
2 17.2 General findings on the fatigue behaviour and the fatigue
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011