Nanostructured Carbon Nitrides for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications (Micro and Nano Technologies)

282 Pages·2022·21.706 MB·English

by  Shamik Chowdhury (editor), Mu. Naushad (editor)

NANOSTRUCTURED
CARBON NITRIDES
FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS
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Micro and Nano Technologies
NANOSTRUCTURED
CARBON NITRIDES
FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS
Edited by
SHAMIK CHOWDHURY
Assistant Professorin the School of Environmental Science
and Engineering,Indian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur,
West Bengal,India
MU. NAUSHAD
FullProfessorin the Departmentof Chemistry,Collegeof Science,
King Saud University, Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
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Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xiii
1. Synthesis and properties ofcarbon nitride materials 1
RajangamVinodh,RajiAtchudan,MoonsukYi,andHee-JeKim
1. Introduction 1
2. Structureofg-C N 2
3 4
3. Preparationofg-C N 4
3 4
4. Summaryandoutlook 14
Acknowledgment 15
References 15
Section I Sustainable energy applications
2. Exploring smartgraphiticcarbon nitride materialtowardflexible
energy storage supercapacitors 21
MeenakshiTalukdarandPritamDeb
1. Introduction 21
2. Functionalpropertiesofg-C N 23
3 4
3. Futureprospects 32
4. Conclusion 35
References 35
3. Carbon nitridesas catalystsupport infuel cells: Current scenario
andfuture recommendation 39
ChanchalGupta,AmanBhardwaj,RamaKant,andSatyabrataPatnaik
1. Introduction 39
2. Carbonnitrideasemergingmaterialsforcatalystsupport 43
3. Graphiticcarbonnitridesasfuelcellelectrocatalystsupportmaterial 45
4. Summaryandoutlook 54
Acknowledgment 55
References 55
v
vi Contents
4. Enhancing microbialfuel cell performance bycarbon nitride-based
nanocomposites 63
M.M.Ghangrekar,AnilDhanda,S.M.Sathe,andIndrajitChakraborty
1. Introduction 63
2. DesirablepropertiesofacathodecatalystinMFC 66
3. ApplicationofgraphiticcarbonnitrideascathodecatalystinMFC 67
4. Futurescope 74
5. Conclusion 74
Acknowledgment 74
References 74
Furtherreading 78
5. Solar energyharvesting with carbon nitrides 81
ArabindaBaruah,NirupamjitSarmah,SantoshKumar,PriyaGhosh,
RituMalik,andVijayK.Tomer
1. Introduction 81
2. Magneticallyseparableg-C N -Fe O asvisible-light-drivenphotocatalyst 83
3 4 3 4
3. Solarenergyharvestingusingg-C N -Ag PO hybridnanocomposite 91
3 4 3 4
4. Conclusionandfutureoutlook 101
References 102
Section II Environmental remediation applications
6. Superioradsorption of environmental contaminants onto carbon
nitride materials 111
AliKhadir,MehrdadNegarestani,EbrahimPakzad,
andAfsanehMollahosseini
1. Introduction 111
2. Pollutantremovaltechniques 112
3. Fundamentalsofadsorption 114
4. Carbonnitride-basedadsorbentsfortheremovaloftoxicmetals/heavymetals 115
5. Carbonnitride-basedadsorbentsfortheremovalofdyes 123
6. Conclusion 130
References 131
7. Carbon nitride photocatalystsfor water treatment and purification 137
MehdiAlKausorandDhrubaChakrabortty
1. Introduction 137
2. Spectroscopicmethodsforcharacterizationofg-C N andg-C N -basedmaterials 143
3 4 3 4
3. Photocatalyticdegradationoforganicpollutantsbyg-C N 152
3 4
Contents vii
4. Mechanisticpathwayofphotodegradationbyg-C N -basedmaterials 162
3 4
5. Conclusionandfuturescope 166
References 167
8. Graphitic carbon nitride-based composites for photocatalyticabatement of
emerging pollutants 175
ShabnamTaghipour,BehzadAtaie-Ashtiani,SeiyedMossaHosseini,andKingLunYeung
1. Introduction 175
2. Emergingpollutants 177
3. Photocatalyticreactionsasadvancedoxidationprocesses 177
4. Graphitic-C N 179
3 4
5. Differentmorphologiesofg-C N 181
3 4
6. Synthesismethodsofg-C N forwaterpurification 186
3 4
7. Defectsofg-C N 188
3 4
8. Methodstominimizedefects 188
9. Photocatalyticapplicationsofg-C N 190
3 4
10. Conclusionandfutureperspectives 200
References 202
9. Artificial photosynthesis by carbon nitride-based composite
photocatalysts 215
KonstantinosC.Christoforidis
1. Elementarystepsinphotocatalyticprocesses 218
2. FundamentalsofphotocatalyticwatersplittingandCO reduction 220
2
3. Compositephotoactivematerials—Generalremarks 221
4. CNsynthesis 222
5. CN-basedcompositematerialsforartificialphotosynthesis 227
6. Concludingremarksanddirections 238
References 239
10. Carbon nitride-basedoptical sensors for metal ion detection 245
EktaSharma,AshishGuleria,KulvinderSingh,RituMalik,andVijayK.Tomer
1. Introduction 245
2. GraphiticcarbonnitridequantumdotsasanopticalsensorforHg2+ions 247
3. GraphiticcarbonnitridequantumdotsasanopticalsensorforFe2+andFe3+ions 251
4. Conclusion 255
References 256
Index 261
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Contributors
Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani
Departmentof Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Raji Atchudan
Departmentof Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
Arabinda Baruah
Departmentof Chemistry,GauhatiUniversity, Guwahati, Assam, India
Aman Bhardwaj
School of PhysicalSciences,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi,India
Dhruba Chakrabortty
Departmentof Chemistry,B.N. College, Dhubri, Assam, India
Indrajit Chakraborty
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
Konstantinos C. Christoforidis
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,DemocritusUniversityofThrace,Xanthi,Greece;
Institut deChimieet Proc(cid:1)ed(cid:1)es Pour l’Energie, l’Environnementet la Sant(cid:1)e (ICPEES), ECPM
Universityof Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Pritam Deb
Advanced Functional Material Laboratory (AFML), Department of Physics,TezpurUniversity
(Central University),Tezpur,India
Anil Dhanda
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
M.M. Ghangrekar
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
Priya Ghosh
Departmentof Applied Organic Chemistry, CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam,India
Ashish Guleria
Departmentof Applied Sciences, WITDehradun, Dehradun, Uttarakhand,India
ChanchalGupta
Departmentof Chemistry,University of Delhi,New Delhi,India
ix