Nanomaterials: biomedical, environmental, and engineering applications

313 Pages·2018·6.176 MB·English

by  Ahmed, Shakeel, Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar, Kanchi, Suvardhan, Sabela, Myalowenkosi

Nanomaterials: Biomedical,
Environmental, and Engineering
Applications
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Nanomaterials: Biomedical,
Environmental, and
Engineering Applications
Edited by
Suvardhan Kanchi, Shakeel Ahmed,
Myalowenkosi I. Sabela and
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-37026-0
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
Part I: Synthesis and Characterization 1
1 Synthesis, Characterization and General Properties
of Carbon Nanotubes 3
Falah H. Hussein, Firas H. Abdulrazzak and Ayad F. Alkaim
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 The History of Carbon Nanotubes 5
1.3 Graphene 7
1.4 Graphite 10
1.5 Fullerene 11
1.6 Rehybridization 11
1.7 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 13
1.8 Classification of CNTs 13
1.8.1 Classification by Chirality 14
1.8.2 Classification by Conductivity 15
1.8.3 Classification by Layers 15
1.9 Crystal Structures of Carbon Nanotubes 15
1.10 Synthesis Methods 17
1.10.1 Arc-Discharge 17
1.10.2 Laser Ablation 18
1.10.3 Flame Methods 19
1.10.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 20
1.11 The Purification Process of CNTs 22
1.12 Mechanism of Growth CNTs 23
1.12.1 The Model for Carbon Filament Growth 23
1.12.1.1 Tip Growth Model 24
1.12.1.2 Base Growth Model 24
1.12.2 Free Radical Condensate 25
v
vi Contents
1.12.3 Yarmulke Mechanism 26
1.13 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 27
1.13.1 Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 27
1.13.2 Mechanical Properties of CNTs 28
1.14 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 28
1.14.1 Fuel Cells 29
1.14.2 Solar Cells 30
1.14.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 32
1.15 Characterization of CNTs 32
1.15.1 Raman Spectroscopy 32
1.15.1.1 G band 36
1.15.1.2 D Band 37
1.15.1.3 Radial Breathing Mode 37
1.15.2 X-Ray Diffraction 38
1.15.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 39
1.15.4 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis 41
1.15.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy 43
1.15.6 Scanning Electronic Microscopy 45
1.15.7 Scanning Helium Ion Microscopy 46
1.16 Composite of CNTs/Semiconductors 47
1.17 Recent Updates on Synthesis of CNTs 49
References 50
2 Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorene:
A Novel 2D Material 61
Sima Umrao, Narsingh R. Nirala, Gaurav Khandelwal
and Vinod Kumar
2.1 Introduction 61
2.1.1 History of Phosphorene 62
2.1.2 Crystal Structure 63
2.1.3 Band Structure 65
2.2 Synthesis of Phosphorene 65
2.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 65
2.2.2 Plasma-Assisted Method 66
2.2.3 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 68
2.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 70
2.3 Characterization of Phosphorene 70
2.3.1 Structural Charcterizations 71
2.3.2 Spectroscopic Characterizations 73
2.3.3 Optical Band Gap Characterization 76
2.4 Environment Stability Issue of Phosphorene 80
Contents vii
2.5 Summary and Future Prospective 82
References 83
3 Graphene for Advanced Organic Photovoltaics 93
Tanvir Arfin and Shoeb Athar
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 History of Graphene 94
3.3 Structure of Graphene 94
3.4 Graphene Family Nanomaterials 94
3.5 Properties of Graphene 95
3.5.1 Physicochemical Properties 95
3.5.2 Thermal and Electrical Properties 96
3.5.3 Optical Properties 96
3.5.4 Mechanical Properties 96
3.5.5 Biological Properties 96
3.6 Graphene for Advanced Organic Photovoltaics 96
3.6.1 Transparent Electrodes of OPVs 96
3.6.2 Acceptor Material in OPVs 98
3.6.3 Interfacial Layer in OPVs 100
3.7 Conclusion 102
References 102
4 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical
Vapor Deposition 105
Falah H. Hussein and Firas H. Abdulrazzak
4.1 Introduction 105
4.2 Synthesis Methods 107
4.2.1 Arc-Discharge 108
4.2.2 Laser Ablation 109
4.2.3 Flame Methods 109
4.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 110
4.3 The Parameters of CVD 112
4.3.1 CNT Precursors 112
4.3.2 Type of Catalyst 114
4.3.3 Effect of Temperature 115
3.4.4 Gas Flow Rates 116
4.4 Deformations and Defects in Carbon Nanotubes 118
4.4.1 Deformations in Carbon Nanotubes 118
4.4.2 Defects in Carbon Nanotubes 120
4.5 Characterization of CNTs 123
4.6 Conclusion 126
References 126
viii Contents
Part II: Environmental and Engineering Applications 133
5 A Review of Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
with Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide 135
Lavanya Madhura and Shalini Singh
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 137
5.3 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 137
5.4 Role of TiO in Photocatalysis for Degradation,
2
Mineralization, and Transformation
Process of Pharmaceuticals 138
5.5 Applications 139
5.6 Conclusion 146
Acknowledgment 147
References 147
6 Nanosilica Particles in Food: A Case of Synthetic
Amorphous Silica 153
Rookmoney Thakur and Shalini Singh
6.1 Introduction 153
6.1.1 The Different Forms of Silica 155
6.1.2 Synthetic Amorphous Silica 156
6.1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of SAS 157
6.1.4 Silica Applications in the Food Industry 157
6.1.5 Toxicity 158
6.1.6 Conclusion 159
References 160
7 Bio-Sensing Performance of Magnetite Nanocomposite
for Biomedical Applications 165
Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Natesh Kumar Bhajanthri,
Bakusele Kabane and Gan G. Redhi
7.1 Introduction 166
7.1.1 Hematite 166
7.1.2 Maghemite 168
7.1.3 Magnetite 169
7.1.4 Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 170
7.1.5 Types of Magnetic Substances 170
7.1.5.1 Paramagnetic Substances 171
7.1.5.2 Diamagnetic Substances 171
7.1.5.3 Ferri Magnetic Substances 172
7.1.5.4 Ferro Magnetic Substances 172
Contents ix
7.1.5.5 Anti-Ferro Magnetic Substances 173
7.1.6 Shape, Size, and Magnetic Properties 177
7.1.7 Synthesis Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles 178
7.1.8 Advantages of Magnetic Nanomaterials 178
7.1.9 Surface Modifications of Magnetic Nanoparticles 181
7.2 Potential Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles 181
7.2.1 Magnetic Separation 182
7.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Image 184
7.2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 186
7.2.4 Magnetic Hyperthermia 188
7.2.5 Gene Delivery 190
7.3 Conclusion 191
References 192
8 The Importance of Screening Information Data Set
in Nanotechnology 197
Khan Ameera Bibi, Suruj Gitesh and Shalini Singh
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 Review of the Literature 201
8.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 201
8.2.2 Nanosilver 203
8.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes vs. Asbestos 203
8.2.4 Density 205
8.2.5 Risk Assessment 205
8.2.6 Using SIDS as a Risk Assessment Tool for ENPs 206
8.3 Behavioral Patterns of Engineered Nanoparticles 206
8.3.1 Products Containing Nanosilver 207
8.3.2 Toxicity Effects of Nanosilver on Humans 208
8.3.3 Toxicity Effects on the Environment 210
8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 213
References 213
9 Nanomaterials for Biohydrogen Production 217
Periyasamy Sivagurunathan, Abudukeremu
Kadier, Ackmez Mudhoo, Gopalakrishnan Kumar,
Kuppam Chandrasekhar, Takuro Kobayashi
and Kaiqin Xu
9.1 Introduction 218
9.2 Major Biohydrogen Production Pathways 219
9.2.1 Biophotolysis 219
9.2.2 Photo-Fermentation 220
9.2.3 Dark Fermentation 220
x Contents
9.2.4 Microbial Electrolysis Cell 221
9.3 Nanaparticle Effects on Biohydrogen Production 222
9.3.1 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production 222
9.3.2 Photo Fermentative Hydrogen Production 223
9.3.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen (H2) Production 226
9.3.4 MEC-Based Hydrogen Production 226
9.4 Biohydrogen Producing Associated with Immobilized
Enzymes (Cellulases and Hydrogenases) 227
9.5 Outlook and Concluding Notes 229
Acknowledgment 232
References 232
10 A Framework for Using Nanotechnology in Military Gear 239
Hlophe Nkosingiphile.Siphesihle, Mbatha Precious Hlengiwe
and Shalini Singh
10.1 Introduction 240
10.2 Literature Review 241
10.2.1 Antibacterial and Self-cleaning Properties 241
10.2.2 Ballistic Protection Properties 241
10.2.3 Biological and Chemical Protection Properties 242
10.2.4 Health Monitoring Sensing Properties 242
10.2.5 UV Protection Properties 243
10.2.6 Ethics, Safety, and the Enhancement of Soldier’s
Performance 243
10.2.7 Risks in Engineered Nanomaterials 244
10.2.8 Control of Risks 245
10.3 Application of Nanotechnology in the Military 246
10.3.1 Protective Properties 246
10.3.1.1 Environmental Hazard Protection 246
10.3.1.2 Biological and Chemical
Hazard Protection 247
10.3.1.3 Injury Protection 248
10.3.2 Medical Properties 248
10.3.2.1 B io-sensing 248
10.3.2.2 Tissue Repair 248
10.3.3 Ethics, Safety, and the Enhancement of
Soldier’s Performance 248
10.3.4 Key Transmissions of ENM Exposure 249
10.4 Conclusions 251
10.4.1 Recommendations 252
References 253