Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties, Characterization Techniques, and Applications

351 Pages·2018·38.21 MB·English

by  Rajendra Kumar Goyal

Nanoscience & Technology G Nanomaterials and
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Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites l
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The main aims of this book are to summarize the fundamentals, synthesis methods,
properties and applications of nanomaterials, so as to provide readers with a systematic a Synthesis, Properties,
knowledge on nanomaterials. In addition, the book covers most commonly used n
Characterization Techniques
characterization tools pertaining to nanomaterials. Further, it deals with relevant aspects o
of nanocomposites which contains dispersion of nano-sized particulates, graphene, clay, m and Applications
and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the matrices. It also discusses development of smart
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nano textiles (intelligent textiles), self-cleaning glass, sensors, actuators, ferro-fluids, and
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wear resistant nano coatings. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students, the e
key features on this book include: r
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• Top-down and bottom-up approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials l
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included 

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• Illustrates sample preparation and basic principle of characterization tools
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for nanomaterials 
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• Explains calculation of ratios of surface area to volume and surface atoms
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to bulk atoms 
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• Reviews synthesis, properties and applications of carbon nanotubes,
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graphene, clay, nanofibers, nanowires, and magnetic nanomaterials 
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• Discusses size effect on thermal, mechanical, optical, magnetic, chemical c
sensitivity, and electrical properties  o
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Includes numerous applications such as nanocomposites, nanofluids, hydrogen storage,
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solar energy, antibacterial coating, self-cleaning coatings, biomedical field, water treat-
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ment, automotive sector, sensors, catalysts etc.
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K28825
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Rajendra Kumar Goyal
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-1-4987-6166-6
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K28825 FINAL mech.indd 1 10/3/17 10:34 AM
Nanomaterials and
Nanocomposites
Synthesis, Properties, Characterization
Techniques, and Applications

Nanomaterials and
Nanocomposites
Synthesis, Properties, Characterization
Techniques, and Applications
Rajendra Kumar Goyal
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-6166-6 (Hardback)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Goyal, Rajendra Kumar, author.
Title: Nanomaterials and nanocomposites : synthesis, properties,
characterization techniques, and applications / Rajendra Kumar Goyal.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017018880| ISBN 9781498761666 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315153285 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanocomposites (Materials)
Classification: LCC TA418.9.N35 G685 2018 | DDC 620.1/15--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017018880
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Dedicated to my wife, Manju; my lovely daughter, Muskan; and my
son, Prasun, for their loving support and patience. It is also dedicated
to my mother, Savitri, and my father, Gangasharan.
“If You Want to Shine Like a Sun, First Burn Like a Sun.”
Bharat Ratna Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................................xv
Author ..........................................................................................................................................xvii
1. Introduction to Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology .....................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................1
1.2 Nanotechnology in Past ...............................................................................................2
1.3 Nanotechnology in the Twenty-First Century ..........................................................4
1.4 Classification of Nanomaterials ..................................................................................4
1.4.1 0-D Nanomaterials .........................................................................................5
1.4.2 1-D Nanomaterials ..........................................................................................5
1.4.3 2-D Nanomaterials ..........................................................................................6
1.4.4 3-D Nanomaterials .........................................................................................6
1.5 Size Effect on GBs .........................................................................................................7
References .................................................................................................................................9
2. Length Scale and Calculations ..........................................................................................11
2.1 Size Effect on Surface Area of Cubical Particles .....................................................11
2.2 Size Effect on Surface Atoms of Cubical Particles ..................................................14
2.3 Size Effect on Surface Atoms of Spherical Particles ...............................................15
References ...............................................................................................................................20
Further Reading .....................................................................................................................20
3. Effect of Particle Sizes on Properties of Nanomaterials ..............................................21
3.1 Thermal Properties .....................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Melting Point .................................................................................................21
3.1.2 Heat Capacity ................................................................................................25
3.1.3 Curie Temperature ........................................................................................25
3.1.4 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ..............................................................27
3.2 Electrical Properties ....................................................................................................29
3.3 Lattice Constant...........................................................................................................31
3.4 Phase Transformation .................................................................................................33
3.5 Mechanical Properties ................................................................................................33
3.5.1 Elastic Modulus .............................................................................................33
3.5.2 Hardness and Strength ................................................................................34
3.5.3 Toughness ......................................................................................................36
3.5.4 Fatigue and Creep ........................................................................................39
3.6 Magnetic Properties ....................................................................................................41
3.7 Optical Properties .......................................................................................................43
3.8 Wear Resistance ...........................................................................................................45
3.9 Chemical Sensitivity ...................................................................................................46
3.10 Dielectric Constant .....................................................................................................49
References ...............................................................................................................................50
4. What Have We Learnt From the Nature and History? ..................................................53
4.1 Nanotechnology of Nature ........................................................................................53
vii
viii Contents
4.1.1 Lotus Leaf ......................................................................................................53
4.1.2 Morpho Butterfly ..........................................................................................55
4.1.3 Peacock Feather .............................................................................................55
4.1.4 Cuttlefish ........................................................................................................56
4.1.5 Water Strider ..................................................................................................57
4.1.6 Spider Silks ....................................................................................................57
4.1.7 Beetles .............................................................................................................59
4.1.8 Glass Sponges (Euplectella) .........................................................................59
4.1.9 Gecko ..............................................................................................................60
4.1.10 Chameleon .....................................................................................................61
4.1.11 Abalone Nacre ...............................................................................................61
4.1.12 Magnetotactic Bacteria .................................................................................63
4.1.13 Antireflective Nanostructures of Moth Eyes ............................................64
4.1.14 Natural Nanocomposite ..............................................................................64
4.1.15 Dentin .............................................................................................................65
4.1.16 Natural Solar Cell .........................................................................................66
4.2 Nanotechnology in Ancient History? ......................................................................66
4.2.1 Damascus Sword ..........................................................................................66
4.2.2 Stained Glass .................................................................................................68
4.2.3 Maya Blue Paint ............................................................................................70
4.2.4 Age-hardened Aluminum Alloys ..............................................................70
References ...............................................................................................................................71
5. Synthesis of Nanomaterials................................................................................................73
5.1 Top-Down Approaches ..............................................................................................73
5.1.1 Mechanical Alloying ....................................................................................73
5.1.2 Severe Plastic Deformation .........................................................................78
5.1.3 Lithography ...................................................................................................81
5.2 Bottom-Up Approaches ..............................................................................................88
5.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) ...............................................................88
5.2.2 Molecular-Beam Epitaxy .............................................................................89
5.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition ........................................................................90
5.2.4 Colloidal or Wet Chemical Route ...............................................................91
5.2.5 Reverse Micelle Method ..............................................................................93
5.2.6 Green Chemistry Route ...............................................................................94
5.2.6.1 Synthesis of Metallic NPs .............................................................96
5.2.6.2 Synthesis of Oxide NPs .................................................................98
5.2.6.3 Factors Affecting Size and Morphology of NPs .......................99
5.2.7 Sol-gel Method ..............................................................................................99
5.2.8 Combustion Method ..................................................................................101
5.2.9 Atomic Layer Deposition ...........................................................................102
References .............................................................................................................................104
6. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes ...............................107
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................107
6.2 Synthesis of CNTs .....................................................................................................107
6.2.1 Arc Discharge Method ...............................................................................108
6.2.2 Laser Ablation .............................................................................................110
6.2.3 Chemical Vapor Decomposition ...............................................................110
Contents ix
6.3 Characterization Techniques to Analyze the Purity ...........................................112
6.4 Purification of CNTs .................................................................................................113
6.4.1 Chemical Oxidation Method ....................................................................113
6.4.2 Physical Method .........................................................................................114
6.5 Structures and Properties of CNTs ........................................................................116
6.5.1 Structures .....................................................................................................116
6.5.2 Electrical Properties of CNTs ....................................................................119
6.5.3 Mechanical Properties ...............................................................................120
6.5.4 Thermal Properties .....................................................................................121
6.5.5 Thermoelectric Power ................................................................................123
6.6 Applications of CNTs ...............................................................................................124
6.6.1 Nanocomposites ..........................................................................................124
6.6.2 Hydrogen Storage .......................................................................................125
6.6.3 Energy Storage Devices .............................................................................125
6.6.4 Field Emission Emitters .............................................................................126
6.6.5 Microelectronics..........................................................................................128
6.6.6 Electrical Brush Contacts ...........................................................................128
6.6.7 Sensors and Probes .....................................................................................129
6.6.8 Artificial Implants ......................................................................................129
6.6.9 Water Filters .................................................................................................129
6.6.10 Coatings .......................................................................................................130
References .............................................................................................................................130
7. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Nanowires ..............................................135
7.1 VLS Method ...............................................................................................................135
7.2 Template Method ......................................................................................................138
7.2.1 Electrochemical Deposition ......................................................................138
7.2.2 Electroless Deposition ................................................................................140
7.2.3 Pressure Injection Technique ....................................................................140
7.3 Properties of NWs .....................................................................................................140
7.3.1 Thermal Properties .....................................................................................140
7.3.1.1 Melting Point ................................................................................140
7.3.1.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ............................................141
7.3.1.3 Thermal Conductivity ................................................................141
7.3.2 Optical Properties .......................................................................................142
7.3.3 Electrical Properties ...................................................................................144
7.4 Applications of NWs .................................................................................................145
7.4.1 Electronics ....................................................................................................145
7.4.2 Thermoelectric Generator ..........................................................................145
7.4.3 Sensors .........................................................................................................146
7.4.4 Magnetic Information Storage Devices ...................................................147
7.4.5 Solar Cell ......................................................................................................147
7.4.6 Nanocomposites ..........................................................................................147
References .............................................................................................................................148
8. Graphene ..............................................................................................................................151
8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................151
8.2 Synthesis of Graphene ..............................................................................................151
8.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation ..............................................................................151