Nanoengineering: the skills and tools making technology invisible

445 Pages·2020·9.244 MB·English

by  Berger, Michael

Nanoengineering
The Skills and Tools Making Technology Invisible
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Nanoengineering
The Skills and Tools Making Technology
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oi: Michael Berger
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c.or Email: [email protected]
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g | Print ISBN: 978-1 - 78801- 867- 8
or PDF ISBN: 978- 1- 83916-0 36- 3
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s.rs EPUB ISBN: 978- 1- 83916- 041- 7
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htt © Michael Berger 2020
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er Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non- commercial purposes or for
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1 not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
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0 Preface
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oi: Nanoengineering is a branch of engineering that exploits the unique proper-
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g | ties of nanomaterials—their size and quantum effects—and the interaction
or between these materials, in order to design and manufacture novel struc-
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s.rs tures and devices that possess entirely new functionality and capabilities,
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u which are not obtainable by macroscale engineering.
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s:// Nanoengineering is not exactly a new science, but rather an enabling plat-
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htt form technology with applications in most industries.
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o While the term nanoengineering is often used synonymously with the gen-
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01 eral term nanotechnology, the former technically focuses more closely on the
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er engineering aspects of the field, as opposed to the broader science and gen-
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m eral technology aspects that are encompassed by the latter.
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1 nanomanufacturing. One possible approach to distinguish between them
on 2 is by using the criterion of economic viability. The connotations of indus-
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e trial scale and profitability associated with the word manufacturing imply
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P tion facilities with more or less fully automated assembly lines (think
microchip production). By contrast, nanofabrication is more of a research
activity in a laboratory environment, based on developing new materials
and processes—it's more a domain of skilled craftsmen and not of mass
production.
One of the most fascinating aspects of nanoengineering is the incredibly
small scale at which it takes place. Consider this example: the first work-
ing transistor, built by Bell Labs' John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley in 1947, measured roughly 1 centimeter across. Today, logic tran-
sistor density has surpassed a staggering 100 million transistors per square

Nanoengineering: The Skills and Tools Making Technology Invisible
By Michael Berger
© Michael Berger 2020
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
v
View Online
vi Preface
millimeter. That means that the same surface area of Bell Labs' original tran-
sistor can now contain more than 10 billion transistors!
This book is a collection of essays about researchers involved in nanoengi-
neering and many other facets of nanotechnologies. This research involves
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00 truly multidisciplinary and international efforts, covering a wide range of
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3-F scientific disciplines such as medicine, materials sciences, chemistry, toxi-
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3 cology, biology and biotechnology, physics, and electronics.
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1 A total of 176 very specific research projects are showcased and you will
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8 meet the scientists who develop the theories, conduct the experiments, and
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7 build the new materials and devices that will make nanoengineering a core
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9/ technology platform for many future products and applications.
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1 By catching a glimpse of the wide-r anging, painstaking, and intricate work
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oi:1 that is taking place in these and thousands of other laboratories around the
g | d world, you will begin to appreciate that nanotechnology advances are devel-
or oped not in big leaps but one tiny step at a time.
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s.rs Among many other astonishing inventions and developments, you will
ub read about self-p owered biosensor contact lenses; electronics, including the
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s:// batteries that power them, invisibly woven into garments; cyborg microfil-
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htt ters that clean contaminated water; nanogenerators that convert breathing,
on heart beats, or blood flow into electricity; and tiny sensors that can analyze
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1 the inside of a living cell.
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er A common aspect of many of the nanoengineered elements underlying
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m these feats is their scale: they are not visible to the naked eye. For all intents
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ov and purposes, this technology, powerful as it may be, has become invisible
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1 to us.
n 2 It is also quite amazing how much of nanotechnology- related research is
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ed inspired by nature's designs. As a matter of fact, nature is full of examples of
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blis sophisticated nanoscopic architectural feats. Whether it is structural colors;
Pu adhesion; porous strength; or bacterial navigation and locomotion—they
underpin the essential functions of a variety of lifeforms, from bacteria to
berries, wasps to whales.
Each of the following stories from the wide field of nanoengineering is
based on a scientific paper published in a peer- reviewed journal. Although
each chapter revolves around scientists who were interviewed for this book,
many, if not most, of the scientific accomplishments covered here are the
result of collaborative efforts by several scientists and research groups, often
from different organizations and different countries.
These stories take you on a journey of scientific discovery into a world so
small that it is not open to our direct experience. While our five senses are
doing a reasonably good job at representing the world around us on a mac-
roscale, we have no existing intuitive representation of the nanoworld, ruled
by laws entirely foreign to our experience. This is where molecules mingle to
create proteins; where you wouldn't recognize water as a liquid; and where
minute morphological changes would reveal how much ‘solid’ things such as
the ground or houses are constantly vibrating and moving.
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Preface vii
You will catch a glimpse of how diverse, wide- ranging, and intriguing this
research field is and what kind of amazing and exciting materials and appli-
cations nanoengineers have in store for us.
Some stories are more like an introduction to nanotechnology, some are
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3-F nical discussions of leading edge research. Reading this book will shatter
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3 the monolithic terms nanotechnology and nanoengineering into the myriad of
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81 Michael Berger
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oi: Part 1 : The Flatlands of the Nanoverse
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sc. Chapter 1 The World of Graphene 3
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p 1.2 Graphene Transfer Using Off- the- shelf Office
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n 2 Problem in Batteries 13
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d 1.8 Printing Electronics with Highly Conductive Inks 16
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1.11 Implant for Deep Brain Imaging 21
1.12 Graphene Bubbles Enhance Photoacoustic
Imaging 24
1.13 Real- time Monitoring of Insulin 26
1.14 Self- powered Biosensor Contact Lens 28
1.15 Solar- driven Water Purification with
Multifunctional Papers 30
1.16 Optoelectronics on Regular Paper 33
1.17 Graphene Origami Folded with ‘Colors’ 35
1.18 Transparent Electrodes for Liquid Crystal
Displays 37

Nanoengineering: The Skills and Tools Making Technology Invisible
By Michael Berger
© Michael Berger 2020
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
ix
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x Contents
1.19 Ultrathin Encapsulation for Organic
Light- emitting Diodes 38
1.20 How to Directly Measure the Surface
Energy of Graphene 40
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or Agricultural Waste 57
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ub Graphene Composites 58
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on Materials 61
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Pu 2.5 Freestanding Borophene Synthesized for the
First Time 66
2.6 2D Spacer Materials for Surface Plasmon
Coupled Emission Sensing 68
2.7 2D Oxides Juice- up Sodium- ion Batteries 69
2.8 Holey 2D Nanosheets for Efficient
Energy Storage 71
2.9 Atomristor: Memristor Effect in Atomically
Thin Nanomaterials 74
2.10 Photostriction of Molecular 2D Nanosheets 76
2.11 A Nano Squeegee to Clean Nanosheets 78
2.12 Studying Strain Effects in 2D Materials
Using Kelvin Probe Microscopy 80
2.13 Optothermoplasmonic Patterning of 2D
Materials 82
2.14 Let's Do the Twist: Rotation- tunable 2D
Electronics 83
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Contents xi
Chapter 3 Not Found in Nature: Metamaterials and Metasurfaces 86
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Bottom- up Assembled Chiral Metamolecules 88
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g | d 3.9 Dynamic Plasmonic Pixels 102
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01 Chapter 4 Plasmonics 109
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4.6 Reversible Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoparticles 117
4.7 Biofoam Beats Conventional Plasmonic Surfaces 119
4.8 Black Gold Maximizes the Light Absorption of
Nanomaterials 121
4.9 Nanopatterning Holograms onto Commercial
Contact Lenses 123
4.10 Multiple Electromagnetic Responses from
Accordion- like Plasmonic Nanorods 125
Chapter 5 Nanobiotechnology 128
5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 An Alternative to Antibiotics: Weakening the
Grip of Superbugs 129
5.3 Cell Sex Impacts the Biological Uptake of
Nanoparticles 131