Nanodiamonds. Advanced Material Analysis, Properties and Applications. A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies

487 Pages·2017·27.054 MB·English

by  Jean-Charles Arnault (Eds.)

Nanodiamonds
Advanced Material Analysis,
Properties and Applications

Nanodiamonds
Advanced Material Analysis,
Properties and Applications
Edited by
Jean-Charles Arnault
Elsevier
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Contributors
Be-MingChang
InstituteofAtomicandMolecularSciences,AcademiaSinica,Taipei,Taiwan
Huan-ChengChang
InstituteofAtomicandMolecularSciences,AcademiaSinica,Taipei,Taiwan
SylvieChevillard
CEA DRF iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses,
France
PetrCigler
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of
theCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic
JozoDelic
CEA DRF iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses,
France
ValeriiY.Dolmatov
(FSUESCTB)“Technolog”,Saint-Petersburg,Russia
YuryGogotsi
A.J.DrexelNanomaterialsInstituteandDepartmentofMaterialsScience&Engi-
neering,DrexelUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
RomainGrall
CEA DRF iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses,
France
NeerajGupta
ShenyangNationalLaboratoryforMaterialsScience,InstituteofMetalResearch,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,China
JanHavlik
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of
theCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic;
FacultyofScience,CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic
DeanHo
DivisionofOralBiologyandMedicineandDepartmentofBioengineering,UCLA,
LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
AlonHoffman
SchulichFacultyofChemistry,Technion,Haifa,Israel
xiii
xiv Contributors
AnkeKrueger
InstituteforOrganicChemistry,Julius-Maximilians-UniversitätWürzburg,Würzburg,
Germany
MichelMermoux
GrenobleAlpesUniversity,LEPMI,Grenoble,France;
CNRS,LEPMI,Grenoble,France
ShaulMichaelson
SchulichFacultyofChemistry,Technion,Haifa,Israel
DimitarMitev
AustralianCenterforResearchonSeparationScience(ACROSS),SchoolofPhys-
icalSciences,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia
VadymN.Mochalin
Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla,
MO,UnitedStates
ChristophE.Nebel
Fraunhofer-InstituteforAppliedSolidStatePhysics(IAF),Freiburg,Germany
JitkaNeburkova
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of
theCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic;
FirstFacultyofMedicine,CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic
IoannisNeitzel
A.J.DrexelNanomaterialsInstituteandDepartmentofMaterialsScience&Engi-
neering,DrexelUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
PavelN.Nesterenko
AustralianCenterforResearchonSeparationScience(ACROSS),SchoolofPhys-
icalSciences,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia;
ARCCentreofExcellenceforElectromaterialsScience(ACES),SchoolofPhysical
Sciences,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia
ElkeNeu
SaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany
NicholasNunn
AdámasNanotechnologies,Inc.,Raleigh,NC,UnitedStates
VincentPaget
CEA DRF iRCM, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Fontenay-aux-Roses,
France
AlexanderM.Panich
DepartmentofPhysics,Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev,Be’er-Sheva,Israel
Contributors xv
BrettPaull
AustralianCenterforResearchonSeparationScience(ACROSS),SchoolofPhys-
icalSciences,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia;
ARCCentreofExcellenceforElectromaterialsScience(ACES),SchoolofPhysical
Sciences,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia
TristanPetit
Helmholtz-ZentrumBerlinfürMaterialienundEnergieGmbH,Berlin,Germany
GoutamPramanik
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of
theCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic
HelenaRaabova
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of
theCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic;
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology
Prague,Prague,CzechRepublic
BohuslavRezek
FacultyofElectricalEngineering,CzechTechnicalUniversity,Prague,CzechRe-
public
AlexanderI.Shames
DepartmentofPhysics,Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev,Be’er-Sheva,Israel
OlgaShenderova
InternationalTechnologyCenter,Raleigh,NC,UnitedStates
StepanStehlik
InstituteofPhysics,CzechAcademyofSciences,Prague,CzechRepublic
DangshengSu
ShenyangNationalLaboratoryforMaterialsScience,InstituteofMetalResearch,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,China;
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian,
China
FrançoisTreussart
LaboratoireAiméCotton,Orsay,France
StuartTurner
AurubisBelgiumResearch,DevelopmentandInnovation,Olen,Belgium
JanVavra
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of
theCzechRepublic,Prague,CzechRepublic
IgorI.Vlasov
GeneralPhysicsInstituteRAS,Moscow,Russia
QiWang
ShenyangNationalLaboratoryforMaterialsScience,InstituteofMetalResearch,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,China
xvi Contributors
GuodongWen
ShenyangNationalLaboratoryforMaterialsScience,InstituteofMetalResearch,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shenyang,China
About the Editor
Jean-CharlesArnaultiscurrentlyaResearchDirectoratCEA.HeobtainedhisPhD
in1993atPoitiersUniversity,France.From1993to2007hewasanAssistantProfes-
soratStrasbourgUniversityandobtainedhisHDRin2001.Hisresearchactivitiesin
Strasbourgconcerneddiamondnucleationondifferentsubstratesandinteractionsbe-
tweenMPCVDplasmaswithsurfacesusinginsitusurfaceanalysismethods(electron
spectroscopies),andscanningprobemicroscopies.Thesestudieswerecompletedby
electronmicroscopies.In2003,hemovedtothePhysicsandChemistryofSurfaces
and Interfaces Laboratory at CEA for a research period focused on diamond on re-
constructed cubic silicon carbide surfaces (2003–2007). Since 2007, Jean-Charles
ArnaultperformedhisresearchactivitiesintheDiamondSensorsLaboratoryatCEA.
Hisresearchinterestsarecurrentlyfocusedondiamondnanoparticles,diamondhet-
eroepitaxyandthegrowthofboron-dopedsinglecrystallinediamond.Fordiamond
nanoparticles,surfacemodificationsbyMPCVDplasmaorannealingareperformed
tocontroltheirsurfaceterminationsforefficientgrafting.Intrinsicpropertiesofhy-
drogenatedand surface graphitized nanodiamondswere investigated during the last
yearsespeciallyforbioapplications.In2008,heinitiateddiamondheteroepitaxyon
iridiumatCEA.ThistopicisnowdevelopedincollaborationwithaFrenchconsor-
tium involving four other groups. Jean-Charles Arnault is regularly involved in the
organizationofinternationalsymposiarelatedtothesetopics(SpringandFallMRS,
E-MRS).InJanuary2015,hebecameanEditorofDiamondandRelatedMaterials.
Herecentlycontributedtothreechaptersofbooks,twoofthemconcerningdiamond
nanoparticles.
xvii
Preface
Theresearchfieldrelatedtonanodiamonds(i.e.diamondnanoparticles)wasinitiated
inRussiaduringthe1960s.Ithasseenastrongrevivalduringthelast10years.This
resurgence is mainly explained by interests in nanodiamonds for the fabrication of
composites (polymers, lubricants) and for the development of bio-applications like
biomarkersornanocarriersfordrugdelivery.
Thepresentbookaimstoprovideanup-to-dateoverviewofnanodiamondsprop-
erties evidenced by advanced characterization tools. The most promising fields of
applicationsarealsoincluded.Thisbookadoptsadidacticapproachineachchapter
byprovidingbasicinformationusefultostudentsorresearchersstartinginthefield
ofnanodiamonds.
Nanodiamonds combine many properties of bulk diamond like chemical inert-
ness, wide-band gap electronic properties, excellent thermal conductivity, and out-
standingmechanicalbehaviortothoseconferredbytheirhighspecificsurfacearea,
which could reach 400 m2/g for nanodiamonds produced by detonation synthesis.
Before focusing on diamond properties at nanoscale, we need to describe the use-
fulness of bulk diamond. The first chapter presents bulk electronic properties of
diamond.
The properties observedat nanoscaleare significantlyinfluencedby factors like
thesizeandtheshapeofnanodiamonds,thenatureandtheconcentrationofimpuri-
ties,thepresenceof structuraldefects,andthesurfacechemistryofoutershells.An
extensive characterization of nanodiamonds is then needed to identify the key fac-
torsgoverningtheirproperties.Thisbookevaluatesthecurrentknowledgefromthe
productionmethodsofnanodiamondstotheirmostadvancedcharacterizationtools.
Recent developments in synthesis and processing of nanodiamonds are exposed
in Chapter 2. First, the methods like detonation shock-wave assisted and laser as-
sistedsynthesisaredetailed.Thealternativecrushingofhighpressurehightemper-
ature (HPHT) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) bulk diamond materials is also
presented. The crushing process and recent HPHT results appear as promising ap-
proachestoobtaindopednanodiamonds(withboron,phosphorusornitrogen)witha
controlledlevelofconcentration.Thepurificationanddisaggregationproceduresare
alsodiscussed.
Thediamondcoreofnanodiamondscouldbeinvestigatedbydifferentadvanced
techniqueswhicharedescribedinChapters3to7.Itscrystallinestructure,thepres-
enceofstructuraldefectsorsp2carbon,ofchemicalimpuritiescouldbecharacterized
byHighResolutionTransmissionElectronMicroscopy(HRTEM)andElectronEn-
ergyLossSpectroscopy(EELS)asshowninChapter3.Ramanspectroscopyappears
asacomplementarytechniquewhichcanalsoprobethecrystallinestructureandthe
presenceofchemicalimpurities(seeChapter4).Atthesametime,thistechniqueis
sensitivetostraineffectsandcouldbeappliedtoprobesurfacechemistry.Inductively
CoupledPlasma(ICP)spectroscopyandrelatedtechniquesallowmeasuringthecon-
centrationsofchemicalimpuritieswithdetectionlimitsdownto1010–10−11wt%for
xix