Nanodevices for Photonics and Electronics

438 Pages·2016·13.937 MB·English

by  Bettotti, Paolo

Nanodevices for
Photonics and Electronics
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Nanodevices for
Photonics and Electronics
Advances and Applications
edited by
Paolo Bettotti

© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
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© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20151214
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© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
November12,2015 17:8 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Bettotti-prelims
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
PaoloBettotti
2 PhotonicCrystals 11
PaoloBettotti
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 One-DimensionalPCsandTheirDispersion
Properties 15
2.3 AnalogywithQuantumMechanicalSchroedinger
Equation 17
2.4 1DDefectModes 22
2.5 Two-DimensionalPhotonicCrystals 25
2.6 2DDefectModes 29
2.7 Exploitingthe2DPCDispersionProperties 34
2.8 2.5-DimensionalPhotonicCrystals 38
2.9 Three-DimensionalPhotonicCrystals 43
2.10NonlinearOptics 45
2.11Conclusions 47
3 EngineeringAperiodicSpiralOrderinNanophotonics:

FundamentalsandDeviceApplications 57
LucaDalNegro,NateLawrence,andJacobTrevino
3.1 IntroductiontoAperiodicPhotonicStructures 58
3.2 PeriodicandAperiodicOrder 59
3.3 ClassificationofAperiodicStructures 61
3.4 RotationalSymmetryinAperiodicStructures 66
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vi Contents
3.4.1 AperiodicSpiralOrder:FromPhyllotaxisto
Nanophotonics 69
3.4.2 StructuralPropertiesofVogelSpirals 74
3.5 OpticalResonancesofVogelSpiralArrays 81
3.5.1 MultifractalScalingofVogelSpirals 84
3.5.2 OpticalModeAnalysisofVogelSpirals 89
3.6 DeviceApplicationsofVogelSpirals 94
3.6.1 AbsorptionEnhancementinThin-Film
Silicon 94
3.6.2 RadiationEngineeringwithErbium-Doped
VogelArrays 98
3.6.3 EngineeringtheOrbitalAngularMomentum
ofLight 103
3.6.4 DiffractedBeamPropagationfromAperiodic
ChiralSpirals 107
3.6.5 ExperimentalDemonstrationofOAM
GenerationandControl 110
3.7 OutlookandConclusions 115
4 DisorderedPhotonics 127
FrancescoRiboli
4.1 Introduction 127
4.2 Diffusion 131
4.3 LightTransport:MicroscopicalDescription 132
4.3.1 SingleScattering 134
4.3.2 MultipleScattering 136
4.3.3 TransportofIntensity 139
4.4 AndersonLocalizationofLight 143
4.4.1 LocalizationofLightinTwoDimensions 145
4.4.2 HybridizationofLocalizedModes 148
4.5 Light-TrappingMechanismforPhotovoltaic
Applications 150

4.5.1 EarlyDesignsandtheProblemofCollection
Efficiency 151
4.5.2 RecentDesignstoCoherentlyManageand
TraptheFlowofLightinUltrathin
DielectricFilms 154
4.5.3 Conclusions 157
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents vii
5 NanowireArchitectureforFastElectronicDevices 163
LeonardoViti,AlessandroPitanti,andMiriamS.Vitiello
5.1 Introduction 163
5.1.1 TerahertzDetection 163
5.1.2 DetectionMechanisminFETs 166
5.2 NanowireTHzDetectors 167
5.2.1 ContactingtheNanowire 171
5.2.2 RadiationCoupling 175
5.2.2.1 Bowtieantenna 177
5.2.2.2 Logperiodicantenna 178
5.2.3 Nanofabrication 179
5.2.4 Methods 181
5.2.4.1 Transportmeasurements 181
5.2.4.2 Opticalmeasurements 185
5.2.4.3 Noisemeasurements 187
5.2.4.4 ResponsivityandNEP 188
5.3 HomogeneousandHeterostructuredNanowire
FETDetectors 189
5.3.1 InAs-BasedNanowireFETs 189
5.3.1.1 Influenceofdopinglevel 189
5.3.1.2 Photodetection 194
5.3.2 InAs-/InSb-BasedNanowireFET 199
5.3.2.1 Electricalproperties 201
5.3.2.2 Photodetection 203
6 Nano-OptomechanicalOscillators:NovelEffectsand
Applications 209
DanielNavarro-Urrios
6.1 BasicConceptsofOptomechanics 210
6.2 Nano-optomechanicalOscillators 214
6.3 BasicPropertiesofOptomechanicalCrystals:
CaseStudy 216

6.3.1 ExperimentalSetup 217
6.3.1.1 Taperedfiberfabricationprocedure 218
6.3.2 1DSiliconOptomechanicalCrystals 220
6.3.2.1 Geometryofthestructures 220
6.4 OpticalandMechanicalSimulations 221
6.4.1 Optomechanicalcharacterization 223
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viii Contents
6.4.2 TuningtheOpticalandMechanicalProperties
oftheOptomechanicalCrystalwithCoupled
OpticalPower 227
6.4.2.1 Effectsoffiberloadingonopticaland
mechanicalproperties 232
6.4.2.2 Experimentalobservationof
dynamicalbackaction 234
6.4.2.3 Mechanicalamplificationat5.46GHz 235
7 QuantumDot–BasedNano-optoelectronicsand
Photonics 239
JuanP.MartinezPastorandGuillermoMun˜ozMatutano
7.1 Introduction 242
7.1.1 BasicsofQD-BasedSemiconductors 242
7.2 SynthesisandGrowthofSemiconductor
QuantumNanostructures 244
7.2.1 ColloidalNanocrystals 244
7.2.2 Self-AssembledQuantumDots 245
7.3 ElectronicStructure 247
7.3.1 ColloidalQDs 248
7.3.2 Self-AssembledQDs 252
7.4 OpticalPropertiesofaSingleQuantumDot 254
7.5 RecombinationDynamicsinQuantumDots 260
7.5.1 RateEquationApproach:Recombination
DynamicsasaFunctionofTemperature 261
7.5.2 MasterEquationforMicrostates:Carrier
DynamicsinaSingleQDattheGS 263
7.5.3 NonradiativeProcessesinColloidalQDs:
BlinkingandAugerRecombination 265
7.6 QuantumDotPhotonics 267
7.7 QD-BasedOptoelectronicDevices 273

7.7.1 QuantumDotLEDs 274
7.7.2 LaserDiodes 279
7.7.3 SolarCellsandPhotodetectorsBasedon
ColloidalQDs 283
7.7.4 OtherQDOpticalDevices 287
7.8 NanophotonicsBasedonSingleQDs 288
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents ix
8 GroupIII–VonSilicon:ABrand-NewOptoelectronics 309
BadhiseBenBakir,CorradoSciancalepore,AntoineDescos,
He´le´neDuprez,DamienBordel,andSylvieMenezo
8.1 Introduction 310
8.2 BridgingLaserTechnologytoSiliconMaturity 312
8.3 III–V-on-SiliconLasers 315
8.3.1 III–V-on-SiIntegrationforHybridLasers 319
8.3.2 DistributedBraggReflectorLasers 322
8.3.3 DistributedFeedbackLasers 330
8.4 InnovativeProofsofConcepts 337
8.4.1 IntegratingVCSELandSiliconPhotonics 337
8.4.2 III–VonSOIHCG-VCSELs 339
8.5 Conclusions 342
9 ApplicationofOrganicSemiconductorstowardTransistors 351
YoshihiroKubozono,XuexiaHe,ShinoHamao,EriUesugi,
YumaShimo,TakahiroMikami,HidenoriGoto,
andTakashiKambe
9.1 IntroductiontoField-EffectTransistors 352
9.2 HistoricalViewoftheDevelopmentofOrganic
Transistors 357
9.3 OperationMechanismofOrganicTransistors 360
9.4 TransistorDeviceFabrication 364
9.5 TypicalExamplesofN-ChannelandP-Channel
OrganicTransistors 368
9.6 FutureProspectsforOrganicTransistors 373
10 PhotonicRingResonatorsforBiosensing 385
CarlosErrando-HerranzandKristinnB.Gylfason
10.1 Introduction 385
10.1.1 Label-FreeBiosensing 386
10.1.2 BiosensingwithPlanarOpticalWaveguides 387

10.1.3 CurrentChallenges 389
10.1.3.1 Parallelization 390
10.1.3.2 Sampletransport 392
10.2 History 392
10.2.1 PlanarWaveguideEvanescent-Field-Based
Sensors 393
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x Contents
10.2.2 PlanarRingResonatorSensors 393
10.2.3 SampleHandlingonPlanarRingResonator
Sensors 396
10.3 Theory 399
10.3.1 ScatteringMatrixforaSide-Coupled
WaveguideRingResonator 399
10.3.1.1 Powertransfer 402
10.3.1.2 Resonances 402
10.3.1.3 Freespectralrange 403
10.3.1.4 Resonatorfinesseandquality
factor 404
10.3.1.5 Sensing 404
10.3.1.6 Volumesensing 405
10.3.1.7 Surfacesensing 405
10.3.2 SensorFigureofMeritandDetectionLimit 405
10.4 Fabrication 406
10.4.1 Sensors 406
10.4.1.1 Polymer-basedsensors 406
10.4.1.2 Thin-solid-film-basedsensors 407
10.4.2 Sample-HandlingSystem 408
10.4.2.1 SU-8 409
10.4.2.2 PDMS 409
10.4.2.3 OSTE 410
10.5 Summary 412
Index 425

© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC