Table Of Content

Editedby MartinH.G.Prechtl NanocatalysisinIonicLiquids EditedbyMartinH.G.Prechtl Nanocatalysis in Ionic Liquids Editor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCH arecarefullyproduced.Nevertheless, Dr.MartinH.G.Prechtl authors,editors,andpublisherdonot UniversitätzuKöln warranttheinformationcontainedin InstitutfürAnorganischeChemie thesebooks,includingthisbook,to Greinstr.6 befreeoferrors.Readersareadvised 50939Köln tokeepinmindthatstatements,data, Germany illustrations,proceduraldetailsorother itemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. Cover ATEMimageofnanoparticleswas LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor kindlyprovidedbytheeditor. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecordforthisbookis availablefromtheBritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe DeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek liststhispublicationintheDeutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographicdataareavailableonthe Internetat<http://dnb.d-nb.de>. ©2017Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co. KGaA,Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim, Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).No partofthisbookmaybereproducedin anyform – byphotoprinting, microfilm,oranyothermeans – nor transmittedortranslatedintoamachine languagewithoutwrittenpermission fromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,even whennotspecificallymarkedassuch, arenottobeconsideredunprotected bylaw. PrintISBN:978-3-527-33910-5 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-69412-9 ePubISBN:978-3-527-69413-6 MobiISBN:978-3-527-69414-3 oBookISBN:978-3-527-69328-3 CoverDesignAdamDesignWeinheim, Germany Typesetting SPiGlobal,Chennai,India PrintingandBinding Printedonacid-freepaper V Contents ListofContributors XI Preface XV Foreword XIX SymbolsandAbbreviations XXI PartI Synthesis,Characterization,andEvaluationof NanocatalystsinIonicLiquids 1 1 Fe,Ru,andOsNanoparticles 3 MadhuKaushik,YutingFeng,NathanielBoyce,andAudreyMoores 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 SynthesisofFe,Ru,andOsNPsinILs 4 1.2.1 SynthesisviaReductionofMetalPrecursorsorLigands 6 1.2.2 SynthesisviaDecompositionofMetalPrecursors 7 1.2.3 TheUseofAdditionalStabilizersandFunctionalILs 8 1.3 IonicLiquidStabilizationofMetalNanoparticles 9 1.3.1 IonicLiquidProperties 9 1.3.2 MolecularAspectsofIonicLiquidStabilizationofMetal Nanoparticles 10 1.4 ApplicationsofRu,Fe,andOsNanoparticlestoCatalysis 11 1.4.1 ApplicationsofRuNPsinILstoCatalysis 12 1.4.1.1 HydrogenationofOlefins 12 1.4.1.2 HydrogenationofArenes 16 1.4.1.3 OtherTypesofHydrogenations 17 1.4.1.4 BiomassConversion 18 1.4.1.5 MiscellaneousReactions 20 1.4.2 ApplicationsofFeNanoparticlestoCatalysis 20 1.5 Conclusion 21 Acknowledgments 21 References 21 VI Contents 2 Co,Rh,andIrNanoparticles 25 JacksonD.ScholtenandMuhammadI.Qadir 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 ChemicalRoutesfortheSynthesisofMetalNPsinILs 26 2.2.1 ChemicalReduction 26 2.2.2 Thermal/MicrowaveDecomposition 29 2.3 CatalyticApplicationofMetalNPsinILs 31 2.3.1 HydrogenationReaction 31 2.3.2 MiscellaneousReactions 34 2.4 Conclusions 37 References 37 3 NiandPtNanoparticles 41 CarlaWeberScheeren 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 SynthesisandCharacterizationofPtNPsinILs 42 3.3 CatalyticApplicationsofPtNPsinILs 47 3.4 SynthesisandCharacterizationofNiNPsinILs 48 3.5 CatalyticApplicationsofNiNPsinILs 53 3.6 SummaryandConclusions 58 SymbolsandAbbreviations 59 CharacterizationMethods 59 IonicLiquids 59 References 59 4 PdNanoparticlesforCouplingReactionsandDomino/Tandem Reactions 63 AnnaM.Trzeciak 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 FormationofPdNPsinILs 65 4.3 TheHeckCoupling 68 4.4 TheSuzukiReaction 74 4.5 TheStilleCoupling 75 4.6 TheSonogashiraCoupling 76 4.7 SummaryandConclusions 78 Acknowledgments 79 References 79 5 SolublePdNanoparticlesforCatalyticHydrogenation 83 RanZhangandZhenshanHou 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 SynthesisofPdNanoparticlesinILs 85 5.2.1 ReductionofPdNPsinILs 86 5.2.2 TypeofMetalPrecursor 87 Contents VII 5.2.3 ReducingAgentsandIonicLiquids 87 5.3 PdNanoparticlesforHydrogenation 88 5.3.1 HydrogenationofAlkene,Alkynes,andDienes 88 5.3.2 HydrogenationofAldehydesandAromaticNitro Compounds 90 5.3.3 HydrogenationofPhenols 91 5.3.4 HydrogenationofKetones 91 5.3.5 HydrogenationofBiomass 92 5.4 SummaryandConclusions 93 IonicLiquidAbbreviations 93 References 94 6 Au,Ag,andCuNanostructures 97 AbhinandanBanerjeeandRobertW.J.Scott 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 AuNPsinthePresenceofILs 98 6.2.1 EarlyExamplesandChemicalSynthesisProtocols 98 6.2.2 AdvancesinIL-PhaseAuNPSynthesis:PhysicalMethods 102 6.2.3 ElectrochemicalApplicationsofAuNP/ILComposites 104 6.2.4 AuNP/ILCompositesinSensing 104 6.2.5 MiscellaneousApplicationsofAuNP/ILComposites 105 6.3 CatalyticApplicationsofAuNP/ILComposites 106 6.4 AgNPsinthePresenceofILs 108 6.4.1 NovelApproachesforIL-PhaseSynthesisofAgNPs 108 6.4.2 IL-PhaseAgNPsforSensors 110 6.4.3 PlasmonicNanocatalysiswithAgNPsinILs 111 6.4.4 Anti-pathogenicApplicationsofAgNPsinILs 112 6.5 CuNPsinthePresenceofILs 113 6.5.1 SynthesisofIL-PhaseCuNPsforMiscellaneousApplications 113 6.5.2 CatalysiswithIL-PhaseCuNPs 116 6.6 SummaryandConclusions 118 Acronyms 119 References 119 7 BimetallicNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids:SynthesisandCatalytic Applications 125 IsabelleFavier,EmmanuelleTeuma,andMontserratGómez 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 SynthesisofBimetallicNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids 127 7.2.1 Bottom-UpMethodologies 127 7.2.1.1 ChemicalReduction 127 7.2.1.2 ThermalDecomposition 132 7.2.1.3 ElectrochemicalMethods 134 7.2.2 Top-DownMethodology 135 VIII Contents 7.3 ApplicationsinCatalysis 137 7.3.1 ReactionsunderHydrogenPressure: Hydrogenation–Hydrogenolysis–Dehalogenation 137 7.3.1.1 HydrogenationReactions 137 7.3.1.2 HydrogenolysisReactions 140 7.3.1.3 DehalogenationReactions 140 7.3.2 Oxidation 141 7.4 SummaryandOutlook 143 Acknowledgments 144 References 144 8 SynthesisandApplicationofMetalNanoparticleCatalystsinIonic LiquidMediausingMetalCarbonylComplexesasPrecursors 147 RaquelMarcosEstebanandChristophJaniak 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 MetalCarbonyls–Synthesis,Structure,andBonding 150 8.3 MetalCarbonylsfortheSynthesisofMetalNanoparticles (M-NPs) 152 8.3.1 SynthesisinIonicLiquids 153 8.3.2 SynthesisinILswithDepositiononSupport 157 8.4 CatalyticApplicationsofMetalNanoparticlesfromMetalCarbonyls inILs 160 8.5 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgment 164 References 164 9 Top-DownSynthesisMethodsforNanoscaleCatalysts 171 TsukasaTorimoto,TatsuyaKameyama,andSusumuKuwabata 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 SputterDepositionofMetalsinRTILs 172 9.2.1 UniformlyDispersedNanoparticlesinRTILsviaSputterDeposition ofaSingleElement 172 9.2.2 SynthesisMechanismofNanoparticlesviaRTIL/Metal Sputtering 178 9.2.3 PreparationofAlloyNanoparticlesandControlofTheir Composition 182 9.2.4 SequentialSputterDepositionforSynthesizingNanocomposite Particles 185 9.2.5 FilmPreparationontheSurfacesofRTILs 186 9.2.6 ImmobilizationofNanoparticlesSputter-DepositedinRTILs 187 9.2.7 Application/PlasmonicMaterials 189 9.2.8 Application/PhotoluminescenceMaterials 192 9.2.9 Application/Electrocatalysts 192 9.2.10 Application/CatalystsforOrganicSyntheses 195 Contents IX 9.3 ThermalVaporDepositiononRTILsforPreparationofMetal Nanoparticles 196 9.4 Laser-InducedDownsizingandAblationofMaterials 197 9.5 PreparationofSingleCrystalsbyVaporDepositionontoRTILs 199 9.6 Conclusion 202 References 203 10 ElectrochemicalPreparationofMetalNanoparticlesinIonic Liquids 207 YasushiKatayama 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 BasicsofElectrodeposition 208 10.3 ElectrodepositionofSilverandFormationofSilverNanoparticlesin IonicLiquids 210 10.4 ElectrochemicalFormationoftheNanoparticlesofVarious Metals 215 10.4.1 Iron,Cobalt,andNickel 215 10.4.2 Palladium 218 10.4.3 Gold 220 10.4.4 Platinum 222 10.5 SummaryandConclusions 225 References 227 PartII PerspectivesforApplicationofNanocatalystsinIonic Liquids 231 11 TailoringBiomassConversionsusingIonicLiquidImmobilizedMetal Nanoparticles 233 SrinidhiNarayanan,JiaguangZhang,andNingYan 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Cellulose 234 11.3 Lignin 238 11.4 FattyAcidandItsDerivatives 241 11.5 OtherBiomassSubstrates 243 11.6 Conclusion 245 References 245 12 NanoparticlesonSupportedIonicLiquidPhases–Opportunitiesfor ApplicationinCatalysis 249 PedroMigowski,KylieL.Luska,andWalterLeitner 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 SynthesisofSupportedIonicLiquidPhases(SILPs) 250 12.3 NanoparticlesImmobilizedontoSupportedIonicLiquidPhases (NPs@SILPs) 252 12.3.1 NanoparticlesSupportedontoPhysisorbedSILPs 254 X Contents 12.3.2 NanoparticlesSupportedontoChemisorbedSILPs 255 12.4 CatalyticApplicationsofNPs@SILPs 256 12.4.1 C–CCoupling 257 12.4.1.1 NonfunctionalizedILs 257 12.4.1.2 FunctionalizedILs 259 12.4.2 Hydrogenation 262 12.4.2.1 NonfunctionalizedILs 262 12.4.2.2 FunctionalizedILs 264 12.5 SummaryandConclusions 268 Acknowledgments 269 References 269 13 Photovoltaic,PhotocatalyticApplication,andWaterSplitting 275 AdrianoF.Feil,HebertonWender,andRenatoV.Gonçalves 13.1 Introduction 275 13.2 PhotovoltaicCells 276 13.2.1 WorkingPrinciplesofaDSSC 276 13.2.2 ILsinPhotovoltaicCells 277 13.3 PhotocatalyticProcesses 281 13.3.1 PrinciplesofPhotocatalysis 281 13.3.2 ILsinPhotocatalysis 282 13.4 WaterSplitting 285 13.4.1 PrinciplesofPhotocatalyticandPhotoelectrochemicalWater Splitting 286 13.4.2 NanostructuredSemiconductorforPhotocatalyticWS Reaction 287 13.4.3 NanostructuredSemiconductorforthePECWSReaction 289 13.5 SummaryandConclusions 291 References 292 Index 295