mysore gazetteer

467 Pages·2013·10.16 MB·English

MYSORE GAZETTEER
COMPILED FOR GOVERNMENT
EDITED BY
C. HAYAVADANA RAO, B.A .• B.L..
Fellow. Unloenily 0/ Mg!Or~.
Editor, Mysore ECDnomlc Journal. Bangalore..
NEW EDITION
BANGALOBE:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS
1929
l'RINTF.U AT l'HE
(iOVElt!'lME~T Pl!E8S
IL~NGALOn}'
PREFACE
THIS Volume, which forms YOlllIIIP 111 Economic
of the }rlysore Gazetteer, is, as its title indieates,
devoted to matters affecting the Economic welfare
of the people of the State. In the preparation of
the chapters included in it, valuable assistance has
been rendered by a number of Officers and Depart
mental heads to whom thanks are due for answer
ing enquiries made or supplying the requisite
information. Special acknowledgments are due to
the following ;-Dr. L. C. Coleman, M.A., PH.D
Director of Agriculture; Mr. A. K. Yegnanarayan
Iyer, M.A., N.D.D., F.C.S., Deputy Director of Agr
culture; Mr. John Bhore, A.M.LC.E., .Chi«
Engineer for Mysore; Mr. B. V. Ramiengar, B.A
Chief Conservator of Forests in MY8ore; Mr.]
Jayaram, F.G.S., formerly Director of GeologJ
Mr. A. M. Sen, M.Sc., M.l.M.E., F.G.S., Depuj
Director of Geology in Mysore; Mr. S. G. Forbe
E.E., B.Sc. (E. & M.E.), A.M.LE.E., Chief Electric:
Engineer in Mysore; Mr. P. G. D'Souza, B.A., B.l
formerly Director of Industries and Commerc
now Revenue Commissioner 1Il Mysore; Mr. R.
Ranga Rao, B.A., B.L., General Secretary to Gov
ernmfnt; Mr. N. }lama Rao, B.A., B.L., Secretary
to Governlllent in the Development Departments;
and Mr. K. fl. Ramayya, B.A., Bar-at-law, Registrar
of Co-operative Societies in Mysore; and Mr. C.
Dove-Wilson, formerly Agent, My sore Railways.
C. HAYAVADANA RAO,
Editor.
·TABLE OJ<' CON.TENTS
GENERAL PLAN.
]>A(l)<;
THE };CONOMIC CONFgRENCE
AGRlCULTVHE 12
IRRIGATION 15(;
FORESTS 175
MINES ANT> lIfINEHAI,S 198
ELECTHIC POWEH 222
ARTS, INllVSTRIES AND MANUFACTGItES 237
COMMERCE ANI> TUAnE (INCLUDING .IOlNT~H'l'OCK
COMPANIES) 288
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES 310
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 320
(1) ROADS AND BRIIlGES 320
(2) RAILWAYS 328
(3) TRAMWAYS 333
(i) WATERWAYS 350
(5) POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS 350
RENTS, PRICES AND WAGES 368
FAMINE 391
ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE 408
CHAPTER I.
THE ECONOMIC CONFERENCE.
Objects of the Economic Conference 1
Lines of work 1
The Functions of the Economic Conference 2
Agency for work 2
Annual Meeting ... 2
vii
viii
PAGE
Constitution of the Central Boards ... 3
Functions of the Central Boards 6
District Boards .,. 7
Award of Honours and Certificates ... 8
Changes in the Constitution of the Conference 9
Results Achieved 10
BIllLIOGIlAPHY ." 11
CHAPTER II.
AGIUCl"LTGRE.
1. General.
Features of cult"ivn,t,ion 12
Area un<ler cultivation 12
Forms of cultivation--Dry 12
Wet cultivation ... 13
Garden or Bagaynt 14
Bagayat crops ... 14
Knshki Bagayat ... 15
Plantation crops 15
Soils-Red loams, coffee soils, 1>1alnad soils 16
Black cotton soils 17
River alluvia -17
Alkaline soils 17
Chemical composition of typical soils 18
Soil types and distribution of crops ... 18
Size of <holdings . 19
Scattered fields and holdings 20
Malnad holdings 20
Maidan holdings and farm houses 20
Field fences for dry land ... 20
Field fences for garden land 21
Size of dry land fields in red soil and black cotton soil
tracts 21
Size of wet land fields 22
Climate and season 22
Cultivation seasons-Ear, Hain, Hingar 98
Karthika and Va'saka seasons 23
is
PAG.
Nakskatra rainfall 118
Agricultural proverbs 24-
Implements and other appliances 26
Implements of tillage 27
The general purpose plough 27
The padd y soil plough ...• 28
The black cotton soil plough 28
Speciallffalnad paddy land plough ... 28
The heavy black·cotton soil plough·; .. 28
Shape of plough bott,oms· 28
Improved ploughs 29
The Bar share plough 30
Cultivatorf';' harrows amlToller's, the Kuntc 30
The Doclkunte ... 31
The lJ6Zukllntr 31
HalUl'l('s or harro\\'s 31
The Danti or hand harrerw 32
Brush-harrows ... 32
Clod crnshers and levelling boards 32
The l1foodala 32
Seed drills 33
Saade and mixed crop sowing 33
Interculturing implements-Chippu kUntes, Yede kuntes,
,Moneklmtes 34
Hand hoes and ·weeding hooks 34
Harvesting, threshing and 'cleaning a.ppliances 35
Farm carts ' 36
Sappe giid;: sleds .... 36
Water lifts 87
The picota 37
The Kapile 37
Improved Kapiles 38
Engines and pumps 88
The farmstead ". 89
Cattle .stall 40
Mange): .and feeding arrangements 41
System of manure removal 41
Grain store 41
Masonry. and other above-ground bin. 42
PAGE
Seed preRervation methruls 42
ll1anure,'1 :- 43
Farmyard manure 43
Sheep manure, sheep folding 44
Other hulky manul'O 45
Night soil 45
Sewa.ge 45
Tank "i1t 45
Sudhi lllannu ... 46
Ashes 46
Lime 46
Green rnanure--Honge topes 46
Other leaves used 47
Paddy land and growing green manure crops 47
Insufficiency of manure supply 48
Commercial manures: Oil~cakes ... 49
Oil-cakes produced locally 49
Outsiue sources 50
Method of using oil-cakes 51
Bonemeal 51
Artificial or chemical manures 51
Forms oj tenancy :- 52
Dry land farming 53
Gardons and plantations 53
Wet land cultivation 54
Lands in Jodi villages ... 54
Fixed' produce rent on paddy land 54
Produce sharing on paddy lands ... 56
Produce sharing on sugar-cane 56
Produce sharing on areca gardens 56
Labour and 'rages : 57
Permanent lahour 57.
Wages 51
Diffioulty of securing lahour 57
Casuallahour ••. 58
Wages for special operations 58
Ayams and wages for village servants 59
xi
PAGE
II. Dry C,.01's.
Ragi (Ell'Usill<! ooracalla) _. . fi9
Rotation· r,O
Dry land ragi rotation HI
Rota.tion for irrigated ragi ... 62
Varieties fill
Preparation of the soil IJ.4
Sowing methods .. 64
Transplanting dry land ragi (,5
Interculturing. harvesting and threshing 6li
Yields GG
Total annual production ... 67
Improvements in ragi cultivation 67
Jola (Sorghum vulgare) 68
Varieties flll
Cultivation method 69
Threshing and stacking 70
Yields and pests. - 71
Navane (Setaria Italica) 72
Sajje (Bajri, Kumbu) (Pennisstum typhoideum) 72
Cultivation methods 73
Save (Panicum miliare) __ _ 78
Baragu (Panicum ",iliaceum) 74
Haraka (Paspalum scrobiculatum). __ _ 74
Wheat (Tritic"", sativ"m) 75
.
Pulses:- 75
A vare (Doliclwos lablab) or Bollar 75
Togare or Tuver ( Cajnu. indic".) 76
Bengal-gram (Gicer arietinum! 77
Horse-gram (Doliclws bifioms) 78
Other pulses 79
Oil-seeds :- SO
GingeUy (Sesamum indieum) 81
Cultivu.tion methods 81
Yield 82
Hownsed 52
Hurobellu or lliger (Guizotia Ahl/ssinica) 811
PAGlII
Castor or IIaralu (Ricinus communis) 83
Cultivation methods 83
Castor pests ••• . 84
Gro'und-nuts (Araehi' hypogoea) ,,, 85
Varieties 85
Cultivation methods 86
Yields • 87
Saifhl'wer and Linscril 87
Pihr{) crops 88
Cotton (Gossyp; um) 88
Varioties 88
Rotation 89
Cultivation of local cotton 89
Cultivation of Dh.arwar-Americn.TI. cotton 90
Cultivation of Camhodia cotton 90
Sann-ltNnp (Crotolaria junCf(l) 91
Poondi (Ilibi~c'us can·nabin1.l«<;) 92
Aloe (Aga.ve ..4 mericanai 92
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) 92
Dry land tobacco' 92
Varieties 93
Culti vation 93
Curing methods,,_ 94
Irrigated tobacco 95
Tobacco pests 95
Dry land chillies 95
Irrigateil chilli", ' 96
'.
III. Wet Crops.
Rice (Oryza. sativa) 97
Soils on which gI:own ".,'. 97
Varieties 98
Cropping seasons 99.
Rotation 99
Preparation of ";00 fields 100
P.un,iji .cultivation 100
Puddle cultivation 101
Drill aown padd.y 102