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L.L.-K. Lin · Y.-F. Shih · Hung Myopia Updates II Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia, 1998 Springer Japan KK L. L.-K. Lin, Y.-F. Shih, P.T. Hung (Eds.) Myopia Updates II Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia, 1998 With 43 Figures 'Springer Luke L.-K. Lin, M.D., Ph.D. Taiwan University Hospital 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan Yung-Feng Shih, M.D. Taiwan University Hospital 7, Chung-Shan Souţh Road, Taipei, Taiwan PorT. Hung. M.D. Taiwan University Hospital 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Conference on Myopia (7th : 1998 : Taipei. Taiwan) Myopia updates 11/ L.L-K Lin, Y.F. Shih, P.T. Hung (eds). p. cm. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia. held in Taipei. Taiwan. in December 1998. lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-4-431-70275-7 ISBN 978-4-431-66917-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3 1. Myopia-Congresses. 1. Lin, L. L.-K. (Luke L.-K.), 1946-11. Shih, Y.-F. (Yung-Feng), 1954-III. Hung, P. T. (PorT.), 1934- IV. Title. RE938 .157 1998 617. 7' 55-dc21 99-051551 Printed on acid-free paper ~ Springer Japan 2000 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo in 2000 This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Typesetting: Camera-ready by the authors SPIN: 10747191 Preface The Seventh International Conference on Myopia, sponsored by the Myopia International Research Foundation. was the second biennial meeting of the Conference to be held inde pendently of the International Congress of Ophthalmology (!.C.Ol. whi~:h first convened in 1964. In the years that followed. the Myopia Conferences were attached to the l.C.O. and were held every four years up to the Sixth Conference. led by Professor Tokoro in Japan. I would like to salute again the late Mrs. Rachlin, founder of the Myopia International Research Foundation of New York. Because she suffered from high myopia disorder. she knew how important the worldwide visual problem of myopia would become. and thus estab lished the Foundation. Today, everyone who cares about the eye and the prevention of blindness understands well the significance of myopia and its visual outcome. especially in an area like Taiwan, with more than an 80% prevalence of myopia and nearly a 20% preva lence of high myopia of more than 6.0 diopters among the adult population. During an early morning breakfast in Chicago at the centennial meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology in 1996, I was asked by Dr. Joel Weintraub. the president of the Foundativn, to host the Seventh Conference. I accepted with great pleasure, thinking of our study of myopia over the previous 30 years and of my position as director of the National Research Laboratory of Myopia, both at the National Taiwan University. I was confident that the conference would be a good opportunity to broaden our view on myopia. Myopia Updates II. like the first Updates published under the direction of Professor Tokoro from the Sixth Conference, contains papers from two symposia. 25 special lectures, and 57 free papers, conducted and presented in Taipei. November 17-20, 1998. This is per haps the largest number of myopia papers ever presented in one meeting. The Seventh Conference is indebted to Otsuka Pharmaceuticals for their financial assis tance in publishing this volume, and to the National Council of Science, the National Health Department of Executive Yuan, the Ching-Hsing Medical Foundation. the Taipei Visual Sci ence Foundation, and to many volunteers for their support of the conference. Finally, the editors express their appreciation to their fathers, Dr. I-Hsin Lin, Dr. Chen Kung Shih, and Dr. Yau T. Hung, for their encouragement and support. PoR T.HuNG, M.D. President The 7th International Conference on Myopia, Taipei, 1998 v Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V List of Contributors................................................... XI Epidemiology Patterns of Myopia in the Barbados Eye Study M.C. LEsKE, S.-Y. Wu, B. NEMESURE, and L. HYMAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Morbidity of Myopia Among School Children in Taiwan L.L.-K. LIN and Y.F. SHIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 University Myopia: A Comparison Between Scandinavian and Asi:m Findings H.C FLEDELILIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Epidemiological Studies on Multiple Risk Factors for Myopia in Taiwan: Gene-Environment Interaction C.-1. CH~N. L.L.-K. LIN, Y.-F. SHIH, C.-H.K. HsiAO, and P.T. HuNG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Long-Tem1 Connection of Myopic Progression with Different Background Variables T.O. PARSSINEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Progression of School Myopia from Its Onset at the Mean Age of 10.9 Years: 13-Year Follow-Up Study TO. PARSSINEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Pathogenesis Myopia and Signiticant Visual Impairment: Global Aspects H.C. FLEDELIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Retinal Lattice Degeneration and Traction Tear of Myopia in High School Students W.-C. CHEN, H.-Z. WANG. and M.-T. CHEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Longitudinal Follow-Up of Lacquer Cracks in Myopic Maculopathy Using Digitized Indocyanine Green Angiography and Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy T.-C. Ho, Y.-F. SHIH, L.L.-K. LIN, M.-S. CHEN, P.-K. Hou. and P.-T. HuNG . . . . . . . . . . 43 Degenerative Changes of Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Bruch's Membrane Choriocapillaris Complex in Form-Deprivation Myopia in Chicks T.-C. Ho, Y.-F. SHIH, L.L-K. LIN. M.-S. CHEN, I.-J. WANG, P.-K. Hou, and P.-T. HuNG.. 47 vii VIII Is Astigmatism Related to Emmetropization and the Development of Myopia in Children? 1. GwtAZDA, J. McLELLAN. K. GRICE, and F. THORN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Increase of Myopia-Possible Interaction of Environmental Chcmicals S. ISHIKAWA, K. TsuCHIYA, R. NAKAGAWA, H. lsHIMWA, and L. WouNG . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Tonic Accommodation and Refractive Change in Children M. YAP, L. GARNER, R. KINNEAR, and M. FRITH............................... 59 Study of the Ophthalmic VDT Syndrome: Accommodative Function and Pupillary Response L.-C. WOUNG. C.-P WANG, M.-C. WANG, and C.-Y. Hu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 VDT Work and Refraction of Junior High School Students M. KAJrrA, S. ITo, Y. ITO, and K. KATO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Optic Nerve Disc in Myopic Children with Increased Intraocular Pressure T. KuBENA and K. KuBENA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Intraocular Pressure and Myopia: Circular Optical Coherence Tomographic Features of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Myopes A. TAMAI........................................................... 71 Developmental Mechanism of Low Myopia and Its Treatment T. ToKoRo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Short Wavelength Sensitivity Measured in Myopia by Visually Evoked Cortical Potentials E. ADACHI-USAMI and H. KAWABATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Changes in the Modulation and Critical Flicker Frequency in High Myopia Patients P.-C. CHEN. L.-C. WouNG, C.-F. YANG, Y.-F. SHIH, and L.L.-K. LIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Increased Amplitude of the Dark Adapted ERG in Experimental Myopia in Chicks H. KAwABATA, A. ITO, and E. AoACHI-USAMI................................. 83 Usc of Scheimpflug Photography to Estimate Residual Astigmatism H.-C. Kuo, J.-H. JIAN, and L.-C. WouNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Can Autorefractors Be Trusted to Test for Myopia in Children? S.J. IsENBERG, M. DEL SIGNORE. and G. MADANI-BECKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'iff Myopia: Nature, Nurture, and the Blur Hypothesis F. THORN. K. GRICE, R. HELD, and 1. GwiAZDA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, and Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Association with Myopia? H.C. FLEDEUUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Erroneous Ocular Axis Theory Developed Based on Donders' Report T. SATO............................................................. 101 ix Experimental Limitations of the Emmetropization Process in Infant Monkeys E.L. SMITH III. L.-F. HuNG. and R.S. HARWERTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Inllucnce of Controlled Viewing Conditions on Emmctropization to Imposed Myopic Defocus in the Chick C.F. W1LDSOET, S.T. NEVIN, and K.L. ScHMID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Lens Substitution During Compensation for a Minus Lens: A Paradigm for Assessing Visual Stimuli That Regulate Axial Elongation and Refractive State T.T. NoRTON and J.T. SIEGWART, JR.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Effects of Age and Refractive Error on the Optical Quality of the Avian Crystalline Lens J.G. SIVAK, S. PRIOLO, E.L. IRVING, M.G. CALLENDER, and S.E. MooRE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Roh: of Uveal ~~Ielanocytcs in the Development of Myopia D.-N. Hu, J.E. RoBERTS, and S.A. Mc'CoRMICK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Distinctive Mechanisms Regulating Corneal and Scleral Growth R.A. STONE, T. LIN, C. CAPEHART, M.G. MAGUIRE, and G.F. SCHMID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Effect ofTGF-~ and cAMP-Elevating Agents on the Growth of Human Scleral Fibroblasts In Vitro D.-N. Hu and S.A. McCoR:o-ucK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 A Review of Myopia Studies in Taiwan S.H.-C. CHANG, Y.-F. SHIH, and L.L.-K. LIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Treatment Surgical Results of Photorefractive Keratectomy Using Different Operative Modes W.-L. CHEN, F.-R. Hu. l.-J. WANG. and H.-W. CHANG.......................... 141 Scleral Reinforcement in Children with a Severe Myopia A. GERINEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Foveal Translocation with Scleral Shonening in Patients with Myopic Neovascular Maculopathy T. FUJIKADO, M. OHJI, A. HAYASHI, andY. TANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Can Myopia Progression Be Controlled? E. GOLDSCHMIDT...................................................... 151 How We Control the Myopia of Our Own Children J.-W. HsiEH and L.L.-K. LIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Design and Statistical Analysis for the Myopia Intervention Trial in Taiwan C.K. HSIAO, C.J. CHEN, Y.-F. SHIH, L.L.-K. LIN, P.T. HUNG, C.L. YAO. T.C. Su, T.C. LIN, J.Y. TZENG, andY. CHEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 X Ellect of Mydrin-P Versus Atropine on the Refractive Errors of Myopic Children Y.-C. YANG, H.-H. CHIANG, J.-H. JiAN. and L.-C. WoUNG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Myopia Progression in Orthokeratology M.E. LuND. T.R. REIM, and R.I.T. Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Functional Technique for the Treatment of Progressive Myopia E.S. Avrnsov, E.P. TARUTIA, E.B. ANIKINA, A.V. LAZUK, and T.S. SMIRNOVA . . . . . . . . . 169 Antioxidant Therapy of Progressive and Complicated Myopia in Children E.N.IoMDINA, N.Y. KusHNAREYICH, M.I. V1NETSKAYA, E.P. TARUTIA, andA.V. LAZUK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Key Word Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 List of Contributors Adachi-Usami, E. 77,83 Hung.P.T. 17,43,47,161 Anikina, E.B. 169 Hyman,L. 3 Avetisov, E.S. 169 Iomdina,E.N. 171 Callender,M.G. 123 Irving, E.L. 123 Capehart, C. 127 Isenberg, S.J. 87 Chang.H.-W. 141 Ishikawa. H. 55 Chang,S.H.-C. 133 Ishikawa, S. 55 Chen,C.-J. 17,161 Ito, A. 83 Chen,M.-S. 43.47 Ito, S. 63 Chen, M.-T. 39 Ito, Y. 63 Chen. P.-C. 81 Jian,J.-H. 85, 165 Chen, W.-C. 39 Kajita. M. 63 Chen.W.L. 141 Kato,K. 63 Chen,Y. 161 Kawabata, H. 77, 83 Chiang.H.-H. 165 Kinnear, R. 59 Del Signore. M. 87 Kubena, K. 67 Aedelius.H.C. 11,31, 95 Kubena, T. 67 Frith,M. 59 Kuo, H.-C. 85 Fujikado, T. 149 Kushnarevich, N.Y. 171 Gamer,L. 59 Lazuk,A.V. 169,171 Gerinec,A. 145 Leske, M.C. 3 Goldschmidt, E. 151 Lin,L.L.-K. 7, 17,43,47,81, 133,157,161 Grice, K. 51, 89 Lin.T. 127 Gwiazda,J. 51,89 Lin,T.C. 161 Harwerth, R.S. I 09 Lund, M.E. 167 Hayashi, A. 149 Madani-Beeker. G. 87 He1d,R. 89 Maguire, M.G. 127 Ho,T.-C. 43,47 McCormick, S.A. 125, 131 Hou, P.-K. 43.47 McLellan, J. 51 Hsiao,C.-K. 17,161 Moore. S.E. 123 Hsieh,J.-W. 157 Nakagawa, R. 55 Hu,C.-Y. 61 Nemesure, B. 3 Hu,D.-N. 125,131 Nevin,S.T. 113 Hu,F.-R. 141 Norton, T.T. 119 Hung,L.-F. 109 Ohji,M. 149 xi

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