Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

741 Pages·1995·15.12 MB·English

by  S. E. Smith (auth.)

A. Varma B. Hock (Eds.)
Mycorrhiza
Structure, Function,
Molecular Biology
and Biotechnology
With 151 Figures and 37 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Professor Dr. AJIT V ARMA
School of Life Sciences
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi 110067
India
Professor Dr. BERTOLD ROCK
Lehrstuhl fur Botanik
Technische Universităt Munchen
85350 Freising
Germany
ISBN 978-3-662-08899-9 ISBN 978-3-662-08897-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1995
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1995
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1995
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Preface
Recent developments in the study of mycorrhizas have encouraged
us to present a new book on progress in this field. A vast expan
sion of interest in mycorrhiza, resulting in public awareness that
the productivity of plants and the quality of leaves, flowers, fruits
and seeds are determined by the activities of root systems and
their associated physical, chemical and biological environment, is
manifest worldwide. During its life cycle, a plant root is associated
with a myriad of soil microorganisms, especially mycorrhizal
fungi. These associations are principally dynamic.
Mycorrhizal fungi have become an important object of tests
to evaluate some of the new opportunities being developed in
biotechnology. While these fungi have been used to stabilize
forests since the turn of century, the novelty in recent years has
increased recognition that biological processes can be manipulated
genetically, opening numerous opportunities for the optimization
of plant productivity in both managed and natural ecosystems,
while minimizing the risks of environmental damage. It has
become increasingly clear that the vast, expanding field of
molecular biology will have a major impact on mycorrhizal studies.
This work summarizes and updates both the state of know
ledge and theories on the structure, function, molecular biology
and biotechnological applications of mycorrhizas. It will thus be
of interest to a diverse audience of researchers and instructors,
especially biologists, biochemists, agronomists, foresters, horticul
turists, mycologists, soil scientists, ecologists, plant physiologists,
microbiologists and landscape architects.
In planning this book, invitations for contributions were
extended to leading international authorities working with mycor
rhizas. We would like to express our deep appreciation to each
contributor for his/her work, patience and attention to detail
during the entire production process.
It is hoped that the reviews, interpretations and concepts
proposed by the authors will stimulate further research, as the
information presented tends to highlight both the need for further
work in this field and the lack of agreement on some fundamental
VI Preface
issues. There is strong debate, for instance, on the usage of
certain terminology such as arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) or
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM), mycorrhizae or mycor
rhizas, and there are divergent opinions on the existence of
endomycorrhizins. For the sake of uniformity, the editors had to
make some compromises, but these did not interfere with the
different views which often indicate rapidly expanding fields.
We particularly hope that this work will serve as a useful
focal point for further studies on the interactions between plants
and soil (where fungal hyphae function as the strong bridging link
between these two systems) thus providing impetus for the further
development of agriculture, horticulture, viticulture and arbori
culture which could maintain our potential for food production
and simultaneously sustain soil fertility, while avoiding anthropo
genic environmental pollution and the waste of energy resources.
It has been a pleasure to edit this book, primarily due to the
stimulating cooperation of the contributors. We would like to
thank Springer-Verlag and especially Dr. Dieter Czeschlik, for
his help and active cooperation during the preparation of this
work. We are grateful to Dr. Alexander Hahn for his comments
on the manuscript as well as to Mrs. Ingrid Musset and Mrs.
Helga Muller for their kind help in preparing the transcripts.
We are confident that the joint efforts of authors and editors
will contribute to a better understanding of advances in the study
of mycorrhizas and will stimulate further progress.
New Delhi AJIT VARMA
Weihenstephan BERTOLD HOCK
November 1994
Contents
I State of the Art
Discoveries, Discussions and Directions
in Mycorrhizal Research
S. E. SMITH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AM or VAM: What's in a Word?
C. WALKER. . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . . ........ 25
II Genetics and Molecular Biology
Ectomycorrhiza Development: A Molecular Perspective
F. MARTIN and D. TAGU.............................. 29
The Protein Complement of Ectomycorrhizas
M. GUTTENBERGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Intraspecific Genetic Variation in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
J.C. DEBAUD, R. MARMEISSE, and G. GAY... . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Somatic Incompatibility in Ectomycorrhizas
A. DAHLBERG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Genetic Transformation of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
P.A. LEMKE, N.K. SINGH, and U.A. TEMANN. . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Use of Plant Mutants, Intraspecific Variants,
and Non-Hosts in Studying Mycorrhiza Formation
and Function
R.L. PETERSON and S.M. BRADBURY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Serological Properties of Mycorrhizas
A. HAHN, K. HORN, and B. HOCK..................... 181
VIII Contents
III Structure
Electron Microscopy of Ectomycorrhiza:
Methods, Applications, and Findings
C. SCHEIDEGGER and I. BRUNNER ...................... 205
Presymbiotic Versus Symbiotic Phase in Arbuscular
Endomycorrhizal Fungi: Morphology and Cytology
P. BONFANTE and V. BIANCIOTTO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
IV Function
Proteins and Protein Activities
in Endomycorrhizal Symbioses
V. GIANINAZZI-PEARSON and S. GIANINAZZI ............. 251
Mycorrhiza - Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolism
R. HAMPP and C. SCHAEFFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in VA Mycorrhizas
I. JAKOBSEN ........................................ 297
Nitrogen Assimilation: Enzymology in Ectomycorrhizas
B. BOTTON and M. CHALOT ........................... 325
The Role of Phytohormones
in the Function and Biology of Mycorrhizas
H. BEYRLE ......................................... 365
Saprophytic Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
C. Azc6N-AGUILAR and J .M. BAREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
V Biotechnology
Contributions of Studies with In Vitro Culture Systems
to the Understanding of the Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis
V. WIEMKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Aeroponic Culture of V AM Fungi
A.G. JARSTFER and D.M. SYLVIA. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 427
Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
in Orchard and Ornamental Plants
P.E. LovATo, H. SCHUEPP, A. TRouvELoT,
and S. GIANINAZZI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Contents IX
Mycorrhizal and Actinorhizal Biotechnology -
Problems and Prospects
I.C. GARDNER and C.R. BARRVECO..... ..... . ... .. . . . .. 469
VI Ecophysiology
The Status and Function of Ericoid Mycorrhizal Systems
D.J. READ and S. KERLEY. . . . . . ....... . .... .. ........ 499
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Soil-Plant Systems
J.M. BAREA and P. JEFFRIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . 521
Ecophysiology and Application
of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Arid Soils
A. VARMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Soil Acidity as a Constraint to the Application
of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Technology
M. HABTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Community-Level Interactions Between Plants
and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
I.R. SANDERS, R.T. KOIDE, and D.L. SHUMWAY 607
Occurence and Ecological Significance
of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Aquatic Plants
A.G. KHAN and M. BELIK ............................ 627
VII Systematics
Developmental Foundations for Morphological Diversity
Among Endomycorrhizal Fungi in Glomales
(Zygomycetes)
J.B. MORTON, M. FRANKE, and S.P. BENTIVENGA...... . . . 669
Anatomical Characteristics of Identified Ectomycorrhizas:
An Attempt Towards a Natural Classification
R. AGERER ......................................... 685
SUbject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
List of Contributors
AGERER, R.
Institut fiir Systematische Botanik, Section Mycology, Universitat
Miinchen, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 Miinchen, Germany
Azc6N-AGUlLAR, C.
Estaci6n Experimental del Zaidin, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1,
18008 Granada, Spain
BAREA, J.M.
Estaci6n Experimental del Zaidin, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1,
18008 Granada, Spain
BARRUECO, e.R.
Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia C.S.I.e.,
37008 Salamanca, Spain
BELIK, M.
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Business
and Technology, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur,
P.O. Box 555, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
BENTIVENGA, S.P.
Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, 401 Brooks Hall,
P.O. Box 6057, West Virginia University, Morgantown,
WV 26506-6057, USA
BEYRLE, H.
Anton Platner Str. 54, 86316 Friedberg, Germany
BIANCIOTIO, V.
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Universita di Torino,
Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
BONFANTE, P.
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Universita di Torino,
Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
XII List of Contributors
BorroN, B.
Laboratoire de Physiologie Vegetale et Forestiere, Universite de
Nancy I, BP 239,54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy cedex, France
BRADBURY, S.M.
Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
BRUNNER,I.
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
(WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
CHALOT, M.
Laboratoire de Physiologie Vegetale et Forestiere, Universite de
Nancy I, BP 239,54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
DAHLBERG, A.
Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology,
Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Box 7026,
75007 Uppsala, Sweden
DEBAUD, J.C.
Universite Claude-Bernard Lyon I, Laboratoire d'Ecologie
Microbienne du Sol (URA CNRS 1450), Bat. 405, 43 Boulevard
du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
FRANKE, M.
Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, 401 Brooks Hall,
P.O. Box 6057, West Virginia University, Morgantown,
WV 26506-6057, USA
GAY,G.
Universite Claude-Bernard Lyon I, Laboratoire d'Ecologie
Microbienne du Sol (URA CNRS 1450), Bat. 405,43 Boulevard
du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
GARDNER, I.C.
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of
Strathclyde, Todd Centre, Glasgow G4 ONR, Scotland, UK
GIANINAZZI, S.
Laboratoire de Phytoparasitologie, INRA/CNRS;
Station de Genetique et d' Amelioration des Plants, INRA,
BV 1540, 21034 Dijon Cedex, France