My Revision Notes Edexcel AS History: From Second Reich to Third Reich: Germany, 1918-45 (MRN)

73 Pages·42.399 MB·English

by  Barbara Warnock

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Barbara Warnock
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Practise exam1,q u,estions
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Barbara Warnock
S,eriies editors:
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Ro.birn Bun-ce
Laura Gallagher
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C o n t e n t s
Introduction 2
1: h fall of the Second Reich nd tt, er tion of ·mar G rmmny 4
The Second Reich 191 8 4
:: :
t •••••• :
r·-......
L. .J ~ The German revolution 6
;t .'" •••••: The establishment of Weimar and Its oonstitution 8
!·-....... :
..... .. ............. We·imar's problems 1919-1923: the legacy of war 110
.. ..
Weimals problems 1919-1'923,: extrem~st threats 12
.............
....
~"" :
Weimar's problems 1 '919- '923: 1923, the crisi.s year 14
£ ~ ~
.... ..........
.
.... ... How did the Weimar Republic survive its early problems? 16
.........
r. ....
!
The golden era 1924-1929: politics and economics 18
.L. ......;
.
.
The golden era 1924-1929: forei,gn policy and culture 20
L.. ...
~
..........
..
...-' ...... .... Exam focus 22
.,
Revts,edi Section 2: The rise of the Third Reich 24
L.. J The ideas and origins of the Nazi Party 24
....(.1 . .. ,. ... ....r The· early years of the Nazi P'arty 26
... .....
··""
.-
...' .. Economic and polrrical crisis 1929-1932 28
........-
..............
. ao
. -
.. ...... Support far the Nazi Party 1928-1933
.... ., .... .. -
. - Hitler's .appointment as chancellor 32
.............
Exam focus 34
t •••••• :
Revi,s·edl Section 3 : The Third Reich in action 36
.........
. .
: := N,azi economic solutions 36
{
:? .......... :::
.e·"
s rr,. . •Q Volksgemeinschaft and social policies 38
...... ,.;:
;:
Rectal policijes 40
1
. .
..... ""···..
.t t Policies. towards wom,en 42
E~ -· E
......
..- ...~ Policies, towards children and education 44
..........
1
.... ...-
Exam focus 46
? .... ·~. ... !:
Revised Sec tion 4 : The fall of the Third Reich 8
1
.t........ a;. .... An overview of the Second World War 48
The economiG impac1 of the war 50
1
... ....
,.
,.. .... The social impact of the war 52
...
Politics end propaganda during wartime 54
:. . ....
,.
German defeat 5fi
..-· -!O'•••
.a!' •~,..,.
. Exam f,ocus 58
.... .....
Time line 60
Glossary 61
AnS\Ners 65
Mark scheme 68
Intro du ctio n
bo t Unit 1
Unit 1 is woith .50 per cent of your AS level. lt requires detailed k.r1owledge of a
historical period and the ability to explain the causes, consequences and significance
of historical events. There are no sources in die Un.it 1 exam and therefore all ma:rks
available are awarded for use of your own knowledge.
In the exam, you are required to answer two questions from a range of options.
The questions are all worth 30 marks and therefore you sh·ould divide y,our time -
including any extra time you have been allocated - equally betvveen th.e questions.
The questions you answer must be on diffeKent topics. Th.is book deals exclusively
with topic F7: From Second Reich to Tlilid Reich: Germany, 1918-1945. However,
you must also be prepared to answer a question on another topic.
The exam will test your ability to:
• select information that focuses on the question
• organise this information to provide an. answer to the question
show range and depth in the examples you provide
analyse the significance of the information used to reach an overall judgement.
From Second Reich to Third Reich: Germany, 1918-1945
The exam board specifies that students should study four general areas as part of
this topic.
1. T.he fall of the Second R·eich and the establishment of the Weimar R·epubuc:
threats &om extremes of left and right; the economy; Stresemann as chancellor
and foreign minister.
2 . The rise of the lbird Reich: formation of Nazi Parw; reasons for support and
opposition to the Nazis.
3. The Third R-eich in action: Nazi econ,omic solutions; Volksge-meinschaft (People1.s
Community) and Nazi social policies - racial policies, minorities, treatment of
Jews, women, children and education.
4. The fall oE the Third Reich: .impact of the Second World War on ,Germany and
reasons for defeat.
Ho t e thi bo k
This book has been designed to he]p you to develop the knowledge and skiUs
necessary to succeed in the exam. The book is divided .into four sections - one
for each general area of the course. Each section is made up of a series of topics
organised into double-page spreads. On the left-hand page, you will find a
summary ·of the key content you need to learn. W·ords in bold in the key content
are defined in the glossaiy. On the right-hand page, you will find exam-focused
activities. Together, these two strands oE the book will take you through the
knowledge and skills essential for exam success.
Key 'historical content Exam-focused activit1es
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There are three levels of exam.-focused activities.
Cl)
Eand 1 activities are designed to develop the foundationa] skills needed to
pass the exam. These have a turquoise heading a.nd this symbol:
Band 2 activities a.re designed to build on the skills developed in Band 1 CD
activities and to help you to develop the skills necessary for a C grade.
These have an orange heading and this symbol:
CD
Band 3 activities are designed to enable you to access the highest grades.
These have a purple heading and this symbol
Some of the activities have answers or suggested answers on pages 65- 67 and ,,• a•Iii I._ '• ·
. .
have the following symbol to indicate this: ~ '"l.. . ~
t .....•
Each section ends with an exam-style question and model A-grade answer with
examiner's commentary. This should give y·ou guidance on what is r,equired to
achieve the top grades.
You can also keep track o.f your revision by ticking off each topic h.eadmg in the
book, or by ticking the check.list on the contents page. Tick each box when you
have:
revised and understood a topic
completed the activities.
Section 1:
The fall of the Second Reich and the
creation of Weimar Germany
.- The·s econd ... Reich 19··1 s -_
. .. . . . .
The Second R.eicl1 is tb.e narn.e given to the unified The po litical impact of the war
'German state that was established following
At the start of the war, Germany appeared politically
Prussia7s victory in the Franco-Prussian War 1870-
unified behind the war effon, A political truce or
1871. Following the war, all German-speaking states,
Burgfrieden was announced. This situation did not
with the exception 0£ the Austrian Empire, unified
last, however:
under Prussian dominance.. The Prussian kmg was
• D,uring the war, the government became
Emperor or I(aiser of Germany.
increasingly authoritari.an and militaristic. By
The constitution of the Second Reich gave
1916, the Supreme Commanders, ·Generals
substantial pow,ers ,of patronage to the Kaiser,
Hindenburg and Ludendorff ·were essentially in
although the agreement of the elected parliament,
charge of th.e cou.n.try, running what has be·en
or Reich.stag, was needed to pass legislation.
characterised as a 'silent dictatorship'. Military
The Kaiser was in charge of foreign policy and
government exacerbated political and social
commander-in-chief of the German armed forces.
tensions.
Kaise:r Wilhelm II, who ruled fron1. 1888-1918,
• Mounting concern about the war led, in 1917, to
wanted to develop a German empire and build up
a Reichstag v-ote for the 'peace resolution', which
German military strength.
urged the government to try to negotiate a peace
In the years prior to the First World War, ·GermaJl.Y settlement. The war also saw the formation in
industrialised rapidly and the urban working class
1915 of the communist Spartaciist League that
grew substantially. A large trade union 1.novem.ent agitated for social :revolution and an end to the
developed and German politics came under wa:r. Additionally, in 1917, 42 SPD deputies had
increas-ing strain as a permanently upper class, broken away form the anti-war and radical
to
con,servat.ive government struggled to work with socialist USPD.
an increasingly working class, socialist Reichstag.
Discontent with the political and social situation
in Germany was revealed by die huge strikes that
Th imp, c o h Fi orl·d
occurred in 1917 and 1918.
1 1 -1 1 ) n. G r y
By 1918, politics was more ·polarised than ever as
The economic impact of the war the Generals continued to seek. a Siegfried, victory
peace.
Fighting the war was an enorm.. o us economic
challenge.. Taxation contributed only 16 per ce.nt of
The impact of impending defeat
the cost of the war. War bonds w ere also used and
money printed. Printing money led to inflation (see In the autumn of 1918, Germany's impending defeat
page 14): the mark declined in va]ue by 75 per cent came as a great shock to many Germans. This
between 1913 and 1918. Ge:rman ag1iculture was contributed to the oucbre.ak of revolution and the
not mobilised effectively, causing food shortages. acceptance of the ~stab in the back; myth.
The social impact of the war
The impact of th,e war on ordinary people was
often severe. Two million .soldiers we.re killed and
6.3 million were injured. With inRation and tight
controls on wages, ]iving standards fell by
20-30 per cent. Food and fuel shortages exacerbated
the impact of the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918
and caused misel')', disease and even staJ.Vation.
Use the ijnforn1aiion on the opposite page to add detail to the rm1indl map befow.
Thr2 12conomic
impact
The Impact of The Im pact of the FI rst
Impending defeat World War on Germany
The po l ttic:a 1.
i·mpact
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8-elow are a sarmple exam question and a paragraph written in ansvv,er to thfs quest~on.
The parag1raph contarins a pojn1 and specific exam1pies, but facks a concluding
exp~anatory lirnk back to ttie quest~on. Complete, the paragraph adding this link in the
space provid,ed.
How far do yo,u agree that the main impact of th,e First World \r\rar on
Ge:anany \Vas increased political tens:iion?'
To ~ome e.xterit tJ.,e moi i rnpact of tJ.,e f irrr Wo,..Jd War was- tJ.,e political
fl
problems- tJ,e lN'ar produced. Tl,,e wa, i nc,.ea~ed tenS"ionr as: many peopJe
di~Jiked the 'rilen-t dictatot'S'tti p' of Lvdendorff and Hi nde11bvr9~T he~e
9ener0Js: effectiv.eJy ran the coont,..y from 1~1G., and t.heir aot.ho.ritariatl
Jeaderrhip prodvced oppos:-ition. Hv9e rtt-iker in 1'117 aod 1'118 rlr.ow tJ..e
e..xTef'Jt of peopJe1s- d iS'Co()ter,t. As- the l.Mal"" dra99ed a11J poJitics- became
more djvided. T"1e ReicJ.,s'fa9 oppos-ed tJ.,e 9overrvnent by org in9 them
to tt-y to ne9otia-te a peace s-ettJernent in 1'11~ t,vl-.ils--t tJ.Je Sparracifts-
alld the USPD were completeJy a,,ti- wa,. PoHtics- was- poJo,i~ed at tJ.,e
9e nera J5 co n'ti n ved to seek a Si e9fr ied.
-----.. The fall of the Second Reich and the creation of Weimar Germany
. .
........ . ,.
= ., "· "'" ,. .......~
Th-e Second Reich b.egan to collapse in the final weeks of the war. A numb.er of
factors caused the 1Ge.rman .revolution':
The problems of the Second Reich
The political system o Et he Second Reich had ceased to wo.r.k effectively in the
years before 1914 and the start of the First World War. The tension beti-.veen a
permanently cons-ervative government headed by an autocratic Kaise.r and a
growing working class with socialist.inclinations made revolution in Germany
more likely.
The impact of the war
The First World War had placed enormous strains on Germany as it ea.used escalating
inB.ation, d eclin.ing standards of living and increased political polarisation. The
country had started tl1.e war reasonably united, but by the end of the war social and
political tensions had pushed the system to breaking point.
The impact of impending defeat
Having defeated Russia in 1917, by the summer oE 1918 the Germ.an army
had appeared to be in a strong position in France and Germany but in reality
were exhausted and overstretched. Foreseeing defeat, the generals sought to rid
themselves of responsibility, by engin.eering the 'revolution from above1 (see table
below). When it became clea.r that Germany was about to surrender, Gennan troops
were stiU stationed inside France and Belgium. The shock caused by approaching
d eteat triggered widespread discontent and mutinies: the 'revolu tlon from below'.
T G rman R volu 1 18-191
01
Key event Description
The ~evolution from above Realising tha1 defea1 was certain, the genera~s. advised Kaiser Wilhelm to
29 Septernber-3 October 1918 negotiate an armistice and 1orrn a new civilian g:overnment containing members
of the Reiohstag1. On 3 October, the Uberal Prince Max of Baden formed a new
government containing1U bera~ and soc~atist mem1bers of the Reichstag.
The r:evolutlon trom below As reaDsation of impending defeat spread sauors in Ki~, a port in northern
31 October- 8 November 1918 Germany, mutinied agains1 an order to put to sea. The mutiny soon spread to
other ports and many other pa1rts of Genrnany. Inspired by the mutiny, soviets
sprung up across 1he country and i hsre wsrs riots and disturbances across
Germany. The government had lost control.
The abdication otthe Kaiser Fearing a vtofent revolution and with, the SPD callling1f or a repubUci Hindenburg
and the declaration of a advjssd the Ka1iser to abd~cate. 1he Kaiser fled 1o Holland: the Second Reich
republic was at an end .and Fnednch1E bert, ieader ,of the SPD, was now ~,eader of
9 November 1'91B Germany. He formed a government of SPD and USPD members.
Armistice, The ns·w government signed an arm1istice agreement vi11th the Al lies.
11 November 1 91 8
The limited revolution Ebert was anti-communist and determ,,nedl to prevent the Geriman revoluUon
10 November 1918-January becomi1ng a civU war. He thus did a deal with the anmy 1o gain their support {the
1919 Ebert-Groener Pact: General Groaner was nCtiN head of the army) and caned for
early ds1m,ocraUc i0lecUons.
T at f h a
ri
The revolution brought de1"Ilocracy to 'Germany and en.ded the monarchy. The
goverrunent was now drawn from the Reichstag. The revolution did not, however;
remove the old aristocratic elite from other positions of power, such as in the army
. d-••
and JU 1aary.
.;:· ··a···-.
.
...
... .
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Below are a samip~e· exam-sty11e questi:on and a paragraph wriitten in answer to this quesUon. R·ead ths paragraph
and decide which of tlhe poss,b~e options {undenlined} f!s the most appropriate. Delete the· least approprtate options
and oon1piete the paragraph by jus11ifying1y our selection.
To "vhat extent "vas the First v\Torld War 1esponsible for the collapse of the Second Reich in autumn
1918?
The S'ecat1d Reich coJJap~ed pad;jaHy/roaioly/eotire1y becau~e of the impact of tJ...e firs+
di9bt
Wor~d War. The t.,..;al" placed enorn,ovs- S'trainS' on Germany tliat n,ade revo,utlon a
,possi;bili~more Jjlsely/certaio .. ft,r example} -tlie co5t of ti9"1-tin9 the war led to inflation: -tJr.e
.,.,ark decJined in value by 75 pet c.entdot'i"l9 tJ,e LNa~. I,...flatiot) c211d s-J.,orta9es- reduced living
5tanc::L:::u·ds-J i11c,:-ea5ed ordinary peop,e~ di5corf,-ent, and made revoltJ-tion more likely. In addition,
the ~atr iocreared political teos-ior,J witJ.. s-ome 91:oups- s-uc h a~ tJ.,e Spor+acjrts- and USPD opposed
to Germ a "Y conti to ti9.ht in tt.e war. The .d ;fficu ltjes· tJ.,,at ti9'1ti "19 i" the firST World War
'l c,1119
pt-odvced partia1Jy/maio~¥Leotirefr caus-ed the Second Reich to coUapS'e becau~e
.. r~ -.. t.
=.- a --=
. ..
-
• .... i!t I,•
Below are a sa1mple· exam-style question and a paragraph written in anS'Ner to th~s question. R'ead the paragraph
and rdentirty parts of the paragraph that are not dirsctlly refsvant or he~pful to, the quest~on. Dra:w a iine through th,e
information 1hat is i1rrelevan1 and justify your delet~ons in the margin.
How far did the collapse of the Second Reich in autumn 1918 only occur because Germany "\l\ras
los:ing the First World \.\Tar?
It iS' v11likely tJ..attl,e Second Reic"1 woold ?wave coHapred if Germany "1ad 11ot bee,, Jo5i'l9
t"S,·1e fjrst- Wo,..ld Wat in autvmfl 1'118. The tevolutionJ which ea ured t"1e l'oirer to flee and
tJ.,e Re,icJ., to ei,d, l,,\/Qf tri99ered by a muti,..y by s-ailorS' in KieL The K.ajS'er war the rupreme
rv,er of Germany. He took over rvli n9 Germany in 1888 and J...e ltv'a5 very interes-ted in ~hips-.
Tt..e 5ailors- rebel led beca 05e t'1ey LNere Q l,\lar-e tJ,at Germany was: on t"lie ver9e of ,os-in9 tJ.ie
l.-var. TJ,e political change> tJ.,ot J..ad ,tarted ri9J,t before tJ.,e revoh1tion were aJso caufed by
Germany Jo5in9 the WOlj QS" it WQf tliiS' kn0Wfed9e tJ.tat c,u..,~ed the 9eneralr who Were runnjn9
t'"1e coo,..try to J.,a,..d ovet poL-vet to o t1eW 9over,..,,...e,..t tJ.,at LN"as- backed by t"1e Re,ichrrag.
WJ,iJe tJ,ere wet"e vnder-Jyin9 probJems- and conf/ictr jn the Second ReicJi that made
n
revof ut,on more likefy, it is sfj 011Jj keJy tJ..at-the ~yfte,-,, would have colJaps-eJ if Germo ny
J...ad Livon tS,,e Fi rrr WorJd War.