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Music-inspired harmony search algorithm: theory and applications PDF

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ZongWooGeem(Ed.) Music-InspiredHarmonySearchAlgorithm StudiesinComputationalIntelligence,Volume191 Editor-in-Chief Dr.ZongWooGeem Westat 1650ResearchBlvd.TA1105 Rockville,Maryland20850 USA E-mail:[email protected] Furthervolumesofthisseriescanbefoundonourhomepage: Vol.180.WojciechMitkowskiandJanuszKacprzyk(Eds.) springer.com ModellingDynamicsinProcessesandSystems,2009 ISBN978-3-540-92202-5 Vol.169.NadiaNedjah,LuizadeMacedoMourelleand Vol.181.GeorgiosMiaoulisandDimitriPlemenos(Eds.) JanuszKacprzyk(Eds.) IntelligentSceneModellingInformationSystems,2009 InnovativeApplicationsinDataMining,2009 ISBN978-3-540-92901-7 ISBN978-3-540-88044-8 Vol.182.AndrzejBargielaandWitoldPedrycz(Eds.) Vol.170.LakhmiC.JainandNgocThanhNguyen(Eds.) Human-CentricInformationProcessingThroughGranular KnowledgeProcessingandDecisionMakinginAgent-Based Modelling,2009 Systems,2009 ISBN978-3-540-92915-4 ISBN978-3-540-88048-6 Vol.183.MarcoA.C.PachecoandMarleyM.B.R.Vellasco(Eds.) 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Music-Inspired Harmony Search Algorithm Theory and Applications 123 Dr.ZongWooGeem Westat 1650ResearchBlvd.TA1105 Rockville,Maryland20850 USA E-mail:[email protected] ISBN978-3-642-00184-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-00185-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-00185-7 StudiesinComputationalIntelligence ISSN1860949X LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008944108 (cid:2)c 2009Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg This work is subject to copyright.All rights are reserved,whether the whole or part of the materialisconcerned,specifically the rightsof translation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyother way,andstorageindata banks.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsof theGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforuse mustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGerman CopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names,registered names,trademarks,etc.in thispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typeset&CoverDesign:ScientificPublishingServicesPvt.Ltd.,Chennai,India. Printedinacid-freepaper 987654321 springer.com Preface Calculus has been used in solving many scientific and engineering problems. For optimization problems, however, the differential calculus technique sometimes has a drawback when the objective function is step-wise, discontinuous, or multi-modal, or when decision variables are discrete rather than continuous. Thus, researchers have recently turned their interests into metaheuristic algorithms that have been inspired by natural phenomena such as evolution, animal behavior, or metallic annealing. This book especially focuses on a music-inspired metaheuristic algorithm, harmony search. Interestingly, there exists an analogy between music and optimization: each musical instrument corresponds to each decision variable; musical note corresponds to variable value; and harmony corresponds to solution vector. Just like musicians in Jazz improvisation play notes randomly or based on experiences in order to find fan- tastic harmony, variables in the harmony search algorithm have random values or previously-memorized good values in order to find optimal solution. The recently-developed harmony search algorithm has been vigorously applied to various optimization problems. Thus, the goal of this book is to show readers full spectrum of the algorithm in theory and applications in the form of an edited volume with the following subjects: justification as a metaheuristic algorithm by Yang; litera- ture review by Ingram and Zhang; multi-modal approach by Gao, Wang & Ovaska; computer science applications by Mahdavi; engineering applications by Fesanghary; structural design by Saka; water and environmental applications by Geem, Tseng & Williams; groundwater modeling by Ayvaz; geotechnical analysis by Cheng; energy demand forecasting by Ceylan; sound classification in hearing aids by Alexandre, Cuadra & Gil-Pita; and therapeutic medical physics by Panchal. As an editor of this book, I’d like to express my deepest thanks to reviewers and proofreaders including Mike Dreis, John Galuardi, Sanghun Kim, Una-May O’Reilly, Byungkyu Park, Ronald Wiles, and Ali Rıza Yıldız, as well as the above-mentioned chapter authors. Furthermore, as a first inventor of the harmony search algorithm, I espe- cially thank Joel Donahue, Chung-Li Tseng, Joong Hoon Kim, and the late G. V. Loga- nathan (victim of Virginia Tech shooting) for their ideas and support. Finally, I’d like to share the joy of the publication with my family who are unceasing motivators in life. Zong Woo Geem Editor Synopsis Recently music-inspired harmony search algorithm has been proposed and vigorously applied to various scientific and engineering applications such as music composition, Sudoku puzzle solving, tour planning, web page clustering, structural design, water network design, vehicle routing, dam scheduling, ground water modeling, soil stability analysis, ecological conservation, energy system dispatch, heat exchanger design, transportation energy modeling, pumping operation, model parameter calibration, satellite heat pipe design, medical physics, etc. However, these applications of the harmony search algorithm are dispersed in vari- ous journals, proceedings, degree theses, technical reports, books, and magazines, which makes readers difficult to draw a big picture of the algorithm. Thus, this book is designed to putting together all the latest developments and cutting-edge studies of theoretical backgrounds and practical applications of the harmony search algorithm for the first time, in order for readers to efficiently understand a full spectrum of the algorithm and to foster new breakthroughs in their fields using the algorithm. Contents Harmony Search as a Metaheuristic Algorithm Xin-She Yang .................................................... 1 Overview of Applications and Developments in the Harmony Search Algorithm Gordon Ingram, Tonghua Zhang .................................... 15 Harmony Search Methods for Multi-modal and Constrained Optimization X.Z. Gao, X. Wang, S.J. Ovaska ................................... 39 Solving NP-Complete Problems by Harmony Search Mehrdad Mahdavi................................................. 53 Harmony Search Applications in Mechanical, Chemical and Electrical Engineering Mohammad Fesanghary............................................ 71 Optimum Design of Steel Skeleton Structures Mehmet Polat Saka ............................................... 87 Harmony Search Algorithms for Water and Environmental Systems Zong Woo Geem, Chung-Li Tseng, Justin C. Williams................. 113 Identification of Groundwater Parameter Structure Using Harmony Search Algorithm M. Tamer Ayvaz.................................................. 129 Modified Harmony Methods for Slope Stability Problems Yung-Ming Cheng................................................. 141 X Contents Harmony Search Algorithm for Transport Energy Demand Modeling Halim Ceylan, Huseyin Ceylan...................................... 163 Sound Classification in Hearing Aids by the Harmony Search Algorithm Enrique Alexandre, Lucas Cuadra, Roberto Gil-Pita ................... 173 Harmony Search in Therapeutic Medical Physics Aditya Panchal ................................................... 189 Author Index................................................... 205 Harmony Search as a Metaheuristic Algorithm Xin-She Yang Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK [email protected] Abstract. This first chapter intends to review and analyze the powerful new Harmony Search (HS) algorithm in the context of metaheuristic algorithms. We will first outline the fundamental steps of HS, and show how it works. We then try to identify the characteristics of metaheuristics and analyze why HS is a good metaheuristic algorithm. We then review briefly other popular metaheuristics such as particle swarm optimization so as to find their similarities and differences with HS. Finally, we will discuss the ways to improve and develop new variants of HS, and make suggestions for further research including open questions. Keywords: Harmony Search, Metaheuristic Algorithms, Diversification, Intensification, Optimization. 1 Introduction When listening to a beautiful piece of classical music, who has ever wondered if there is any connection between playing music and finding an optimal solution to a tough design problem such as the water network design or other problems in engineering? Now for the first time ever, scientists have found such an interesting connection by developing a new algorithm, called Harmony Search. HS was first developed by Geem et al. in 2001 [1]. Though it is a relatively new metaheuristic algorithm, its ef- fectiveness and advantages have been demonstrated in various applications. Since its first appearance in 2001, it has been applied to many optimization problems including function optimization, engineering optimization, design of water distribution net- works, groundwater modeling, energy-saving dispatch, truss design, vehicle routing, and others [2, 3]. The possibility of combining harmony search with other algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization has also been investigated. Harmony search is a music-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. It was in- spired by the observation that the aim of music is to search for a perfect state of har- mony. The effort to find the harmony in music is analogous to find the optimality in an optimization process. In other words, a jazz musician’s improvisation process can be compared to the search process in optimization. On one hand, the perfectly pleas- ing harmony is determined by the audio aesthetic standard. A musician always intends to produce a piece of music with perfect harmony. On the other hand, an optimal solu- tion to an optimization problem should be the best solution available to the problem under the given objectives and limited by constraints. Both processes intend to produce the best or optimum. Such similarities between two processes can be used to develop a new algorithm by learning from each other. Harmony Search is just such a successful example by transforming the qualitative improvisation process into quantitative optimization Z.W. Geem (Ed.): Music-Inspired Harmony Search Algorithm, SCI 191, pp. 1–14. springerlink.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009

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Calculus has been used in solving many scientific and engineering problems. For optimization problems, however, the differential calculus technique sometimes has a drawback when the objective function is step-wise, discontinuous, or multi-modal, or when decision variables are discrete rather than co
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