Multistate Models in Earthquake Modeling

184 Pages·2019·7.387 MB·English

by  Limnios, Nikolaos, Papadimitriou, Eleftheria, Tsaklidis, Georgios, Votsi, Irene

Earthquake Statistical Analysis through Multi-state Modeling
“We Athenians in our persons take our decisions on policy and submit
them to proper discussion. The worst thing is to rush into action
before the consequences have been properly debated. And this is
another point where we differ from other people. We are capable at
the same time of taking risks and estimating them beforehand. Others
are brave out of ignorance; and when they stop to think, they begin to
fear. But the man who can most truly be accounted brave is he who
best knows the meaning of what is sweet in life, and what is terrible,
and he then goes out undeterred to meet what is to come.”
– Abstract from Pericle’s Funeral Oration in Thucydides’
“History of the Peloponnesian War” (started in 431 B.C.)
Statistical Methods for Earthquakes Set
coordinated by
Nikolaos Limnios, Eleftheria Papadimitriou, George Tsaklidis
Volume 2
Earthquake Statistical Analysis
through Multi-state Modeling

Irene Votsi
Nikolaos Limnios
Eleftheria Papadimitriou
George Tsaklidis
First published 2019 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
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ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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© ISTE Ltd 2019
The rights of Irene Votsi, Nikolaos Limnios, Eleftheria Papadimitriou, George Tsaklidis to be identified
as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957211

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-150-5
Contents
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Chapter 1. Fundamentals on Stress Changes . . . . . . 1
1.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.Stress interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.Stress changes calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.Modeling of Coulomb stress changes for
different faulting types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.1.ΔCS for strike-slip faulting . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.2.ΔCS for dip-slip faulting. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.Seismicity triggered by stress
transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.1.Triggering of strong
earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5.2.Aftershock triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5.3.Triggering of mining seismicity . . . . . . . . 28
1.6.Discussion on stress interaction . . . . . . . . . . 31
vi EarthquakeStatisticalAnalysisthroughMulti-stateModeling
Chapter 2. Hidden Markov Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.Hidden Markov framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.Seismotectonic regime and seismicity
data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4.Application to earthquake
occurrences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.1.Two hidden states and three
observation types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4.2.Three hidden states and three
observation types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.3.Model selection and simulation. . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.4.Steps number for the first earthquake
occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 3. Hidden Markov Renewal Models . . . . . . . 57
3.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.Semi-Markov framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.Hidden Markov renewal framework . . . . . . . . 65
3.4.Modeling earthquakes in Greece . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.1.Hitting times and earthquake
occurrence numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter 4. Hitting Time Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2.DTIHT for semi-Markov chains . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2.1.Statistical estimation of
the DTIHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.3.DTIHT for hidden Markov renewal
chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3.1.Statistical estimation of
the DTIHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.4.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Contents vii
Chapter 5. Models Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2.Markov framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.2.1.HMM case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.2.HMRM case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.3.Markov renewal framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.3.1.HMM case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.2.HMRM case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.4.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Discussion & Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Appendix 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Appendix 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Appendix 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137