Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering PDF
Preview Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering
Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee. The Series is published by lOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers, in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. A. Life Sciences lOS Press B. Physics Kluwer Academic Publishers C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D. Behavioural and Social Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers E. Applied Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers F. Computer and Systems Sciences lOS Press 1. DisarmamentTechnologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environmental Security Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy lOS Press 5. Computer Networking lOS Press NATO-PCa-DATA BASE The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly in the NATO ASI Series. An electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM of the NATO ASI Series can be ordered from: PCO, Overijse, Belgium Series E: Applied Sciences - Vol. 367 Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering edited by Joel Lepinoux LMP, Universite de Poitiers, Futuroscope, France Dominique Maziere INSTN, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Vassilis Pontikis LSI, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France and Georges Saada LEM-ONERA, Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, France l1li... " Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiment to Phenomenology Ouranoupolis, Greace 8-19 September 1999 A C.I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-6252-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4048-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4048-5 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved @20oo Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS Foreword ix 1. INTRODUCTION Historical aspects of an encounter and of a longlived relation-ship Mrs. P Cahn 3 Historical overview R.W Cahn 7 2. MECHANISMS OF CRYSTALS PLASTICITY From the physics of plastic flow to constitutive equations G. Saada 23 Thermal activation in plastic deformation G. Schoeck 33 Multiplication, mobility and exhaustion of dislocations J. Bonneville and J.-L. Martin 57 High temperature deformation P Lukas 67 Fatigue and associated microstructural aspects: Atomistically based multiscale modelling 0. B. Pedersen 83 Mechanical properties of solid solutions and related topics H. Neuhauser 99 Possible mechanisms for dislocations multiplication at, or close to, a crack tip G. Michot, H. Azzouzi, N. Maloufi, M.A. Loyola de Oliveira, C. Scandian and A. George 117 Deformation of thin films and multi layers F Spaepen, D. Y W Yu lind H. Huang 127 vi A dislocation-based model for variant selection during the y-to-a transformation of hot rolled austenite J J Jonas and N.J Wittridge 143 3. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Defonnation and surface morphology H. Neuhauser 159 Detennination of internal stresses T. Ungar 169 In situ straining experiments in T.E.M.: Application to the study of high perfonnance materials A. Couret. J Crestou. D. Caillard. N. Clement. A. Coujou and G. Mo!enat 185 Analysis of the structure and chemistry of crystalline defects by TEM J M. Penisson 195 Interfacial and junction line defect analysis for plasticity investigations Th. Karakostas. G.P' Dimitrakopulos, JG. Antonopoulos and R.C. Pond 205 Electron microscopy studies of defects in defonned hexagonal materials Ph. Komninou. Th. Kehagias. Th. Karakostas. JG. Antonopoulos. T. Braisaz. G. Nouet and A. Serra 215 Conjunction of experimental approaches: the relevant choice M. Verdier 227 4. MICROSCOPIC AND MESOSCOPIC MODELLING Electronic structure: from bonding to mechanical properties F Ducastelle 239 Connecting the micro to the mesoscale : review and specific examples VV Bu/atov 259 An introduction to the molecular-dynamics simulation of materials S.R. Phil/pot 271 Cross slip in the face centred cubic structure: an atomistic approach T. Rasmussen 281 Elemental mechanisms of plasticity: a numerical study at the atomistic scale A. As/anitles and V Pontikis 293 vii Plasticity of metals during cold working E.F Rauch 303 Atypical plastic properties of Ni3Al alloys studied by dislocation dynamics simulations B. Devincre 319 Nanoindentation: from experiments to 3D simulations M.C Fivel 329 Constitutive modelling of plastic flow Y Estrin 339 Modelling Brittle-Ductile Transitions S. G. Roberts 349 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Hydrogen effects on plasticity H.K. Birnbaum, I.M. Robertson and P Sojronis 367 Mechanism of liquid metal embrittlement by simple experiments: from atomistics to life-time E.E. Glickman 383 Grain boundary embrittlement by liquid metals E. Rabkin 403 From anisotropy of grain boundary segregation to grain boundary design for polycristals P Lejcek 415 Stress corrosion cracking: an electrochemist point of view D. Gorse 425 Plastic flow of amorphous materials during ion bombardment s.L. Klaumiinzer 441 6. MATERIALS Materials and process selection for structural applications YJM. Brechet, D. Landru, L. Salvo und D. Bassetti 453 The flow strength anomaly in metals and intermetallic com-pounds M..! Mills 469 viii Dislocation plasticity in ceramic materials J Rabier 479 Superplastic behaviour of micro- and nanograined materials R.Z. Valiev 491 Deformation of minerals, applications in geophysics S. Mackwell. I. Stretton and P Cordier 507 List of Speakers 519 Subject Index 527 Partners / Sponsors 529 FOREWORD A profusion of research and results on the mechanical behaviour of crystalline solids has followed the discovery of dislocations in the early thirties. This trend has been enhanced by the development of powerful experimental techniques. particularly X ray diffraction. transmission and scanning electron microscopy. microanalysis. The technological advancement has given rise to the study of various and complex materials. not to speak of those recently invented. whose mechanical properties need to be mastered. either for their lise as structural materials. or more simply for detenllining their fonnability processes. As is often the case this fast growth has been diverted both by the burial of early fundamental results which are rediscovered more or less accurately. and by the too fast publication of inaccurate results. which propagate widely. and are accepted without criticism. Examples of these statements abound. and will not be quoted here for the sake of dispassionateness. Understanding the mechanical properties of materials implies the use of various experimental techniques. combined with a good theoretical knowledge of elasticity. thermodynamics and solid state physics. The recent development of various computer techniques (simulation. ab initio calculations) has added to the difficulty of gathering the experimental information. and mastering the theoretical understanding. No laboratory is equipped with all the possible experimental settings. almost no scientist masters all this theoretical kno\vledge. Therefore. cooperation between scientists is needed more than even before. The Nato Advanced Study Institute (ASI) " Multiscale phenomena in plasticity: from experiment to phenomenology ". held in Ouranoupolis (Greece) September 8-19. 1999. was organised in this purpose. This volume collects the various contributions to this summer school. It provided the opportunity for material scientists. geophysicists and physicists of 24 countries to cover the broad field or crystal plasticity from the physics of plastic flow to constitutive equations. from the atomic. to microscopic scale. from electronic structure effects to material engineering. The main difficulty in running such a summer school lies in the wide variety of phenomena which must be considered. and as a result. the wide variety of methods. and concepts. the increasing sophistication of experimental techniques. The above remarks have laid down the choice of the themes and the lecturers. beginning by the necessity of a short historical survey of the early developments in crystal plasticity. The problem raised by the various scales of the physical phenomena occurring during plastic flow have been reviewed from the atomic level to the constitutive laws. from the theoretical as well as from the experimental side. The fact that a few meetings ix x occurring in the year 2000 have chosen some ASI lecturers on exactly the same subjects continn tlle organisers in the relevance of their choice The fundamentals of plastic flow. as well as more specific classical problems have been revisited witll the purpose of displaying the impact of recent experimental breakthrough on the tlleoretical formulation. New developments such as constrained plasticity. indentation, have been also addressed. The importance of atomic scale phenomena on the mechanical behaviour at a macroscopic level has been demonstrated for example in the case of cross-slip. and its influence on fatigue processes. or in the description of the effect of hydrogen on ductility. These developments have emphasised the importance of the numerical methods used to connect the various scales. and shown that much remains to be done in this field. Classical fundamental problems such as the brittle to ductile transition have been described both by experimentalists and theorists. The same can be said of constrained defonnation or heterogeneous deformation. In the same spirit. the lectures and seminars have described plastic flow phenomena in various structures: metals. new alloys. ceramics. geological materials. amorphous solids. Although corrosion phenomena are an important issue in tlle implementation of materials. the methods used by scientists (and engineers) studying plastic flow differ so much from the methods of corrosion specialists. that the two communities have almost no chance to meet. Special emphasis has been put on this theme. Finally applied science has not been forgotten. Besides being the subject of specific lectures, the relation to industrial problems was addressed in most of the more general lectures. Our deep appreciation goes to Michele Cottin who has efficiently handled organizational aspects since the very beginning of our project of a school on plastic defonnation. till these last moments of collaboration typing this foreword. It would be unfair not to mention P. Veyssiere who has volunteered for the unrewarding task of organizing the collection and reviewing of contributed articles and the numerous participants and friends tl13t transfonned our efforts into a successful scientific meeting. Moreover it must be said that organizing this ASI would have been impossible without the generous support under various fonns from national and international research and science organizations. The directors are grateful to them for having contributed to the realisation of this high level school. Saclay. on December 10th. 1999 T. Karakostas. P. Komninou. P. Lejcek, 1. Lepinoux, D. Maziere. V. Pontikis. G. Saada.
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