Multiphase Flow Handbook (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series)

1128 Pages·2006·25.12 MB·English

by  Clayton T. Crowe

multiphase flow
handbook
edited by
Clayton T. Crowe
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publica tion Data
Multiphase flow handbook / edited by Clayton T. Crowe.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1280-9
1. Multiphase flow--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Crowe, C. T. (Clayton T.)
TA357.5.M84.M85 2005
620.1’064--dc22 2005048623
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Preface
Multiphase flow is the simultaneous flow ofa mixture with two or more phases.They are encountered in
many ofour day to day activities.Numerous industrial and energy conversion processes rely on the flow
ofmultiphase mixtures.
In 1982,Hemisphere Publishing produced Handbook of Multiphase Systems with G.Hetsroni as the
editor in chief.This handbook provided information important to the design engineers,researchers,and
students involved with multiphase flows. Since then, there have been numerous advances in analysis,
modeling,and experimental methods.In particular,there has been such a surge ofactivity in numerical
modeling that computational fluid mechanics is now regarded as a viable tool.The purpose ofthis hand-
book is to review the fundamental principles and provide the reader with current information useful in
research,industrial design,and education.
I am indebted to the many contributors who spent considerable time and effort in this undertaking.
Obviously,this Handbook would not have been possible without their interest in the project.In several
instances,the crunch oftime put stress on the contributors (and the editor-in-chief,in particular),but,
finally,the work was accomplished on time.I particularly want to thank Professor Dyakowski for helping
select the contributors for Chapter 14. I also appreciate the efforts of Helena Redshaw, Preethi
Cholmondeley and Cindy Carelli for responding to questions and monitoring the schedule.I also express
my gratitude to the Production team ofMacmillan India Limited for responding to some difficult issues.
I am also indebted to the support ofmy family,Chad and Brenda,Kevin,Zoe,and Ezra,and my dear
friend Jeannette.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The Editor
Clayton T.Croweis professor emeritus ofmechanical and materials engineering
at Washington State University.He has had over 30 years of experience in fluid
mechanics and multiphase flows, and has been involved in a wide diversity of
two-phase flow problems from geothermal power to food and materials process-
ing.He developed the particle-source-in-cell (PSI-Cell) method for the numeri-
cal simulation ofmultiphase flow that has been used extensively in industry and
in most commercial software simulations.He has over a hundred publications in
the literature and has coauthored an undergraduate textbook,Engineering Fluid Mechanics,which is cur-
rently in its eighth edition.He has also been the lead author ofa book on multiphase flows with droplets
and particles published by CRC Press.He is an ASME Fellow and has received numerous awards for his
work including the prestigious ASME Fluids Engineering Award.In May 2001,he received the Senior
International Prize for Multiphase Flows.
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Contributors
Alain Berlemont,Director of Research at National Center for Scientific Research (CNSR),UMR 6614-
CORIA,University ofRouen,France.
Steven Ceccio,Associate Vice President for Research,Professor,Department ofMechanical Engineering
and Applied Mechanics, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI. Former member of Defense Studies
Group,Institute for Defense Analysis.
Yi Cheng,Associate Professor,Department ofChemical Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing,China.
Formerly Research Associate at Powder technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering,University ofWestern Ontario,London,Ontario,Canada.
Jacob Chung,Andrew H.Hines Jr./Progress Energy Eminent Scholar Chair,Department of Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering,University ofFlorida,Gainesville,FL.ASME Fellow.Associate editor ofthe
ASME Journal ofHeat Transfer.
Candis Claiborn,Professor,Department ofCivil and Environmental Engineering and Associate Dean for
Research and Graduate Programs in College ofEngineering,Washington State University,Pullman,WA.
James Cullivan, Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, School of Process, Environmental and
materials Engineering,University of Leeds,North Yorkshire,UK.Previously with Camborne School of
Mines,University ofExeter.
Shrikant Dhodapkar, Research Leader, Solids Processing Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company,
Freeport,TX.Vice-Chair Particle Technology Forum (AIChE),recipient ofnumerous technology awards
at Dow.
Mingzhe Dong, Associate Professor, Petroleum Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina,
Saskatchewan,Canada.
Yannis Drossinos,Senior Research Scientist,European Commission,Joint Research Centre,Ispra,Italy.
Currently Visiting Professor in the School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering at University of
Newcastle upon Tyne,United Kingdom.
Francis Dullien,Distinguished Professor Emeritus,Department ofChemical Engineering,University of
Waterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada.Fellow ofthe Royal Society ofCanada and Fellow ofthe Chemical
Institute of Canada.Member ofAdvisory Editorial Advisory Board for Transport in Porous Media and
Journal ofPorous Media.
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Tomasz Dyakowski, Professor, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of
Manchester,Manchester,UK.Also Manager ofApplied Process Tomography Unit.
John Eaton,Professor and Vice Chairman,Department ofMechanical Engineering,Stanford University,
Stanford,CA.ASME Fellow.Tau Beta Pi and Perin Awards for undergraduate teaching.
Said Elghobashi, Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, CA. Fellow of the American Physical Society and American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.
Thomas Frank, Head of Funded CFX Development Group, ANSYS Germany GmbH, Otterfing,
Germany.Formerly Head ofthe Research Group on Numerical Methods for Multiphase Flows,Chemnitz
University ofTechnology,Chemnitz,Germany.
Udo Fritsching, Director of research group for Multiphase Flow,Heat and Mass Transfer,Foundation
Institute for Material Science,University ofBremen,Bremen,Germany.
Kamiel Gabriel,Associate Provost for Research and Graduate Programs,University ofOntario Institute
ofTechnology,Oshawa,Ontario,Canada.Formerly established the Microgravity Research Group at the
University ofSaskatchewan.
John Grace, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia,Canada.Formerly Department Head and Dean ofGraduate Studies.Currently holds Canada
Research Chair and is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering and of the Royal Society of
Canada.Past winner ofthe R.S.Jane Award ofthe Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering.
Erling Hammer,Professor,Department ofPhysics,University ofBergen,Bergen,Norway.Formerly with
the Chr.Michelsen Institute.Recipient of the STIMAREC Prize for malfunction analysis of pacemaker
systems.
Yassin Hassan, Professor, Department of Nuclear Engineering and the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Fellow of ASME and ANS. Recipient of the
ASME George Westinghouse Gold Medal and the ANS Arthur Holly Compton Award.
Christos Housiadas,Senior Research Scientist,Institute ofNuclear Technology and Radiation Protection,
“Demokritos” National Centre for Scientific Research, Athens, Greece. Formerly with the European
Commission’s Joint Research Center,Ispra,Italy and with the French Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique.
Shenggen Hu, Principle Research Engineer/Project Manager, Division of Energy Technology,
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CISRO),Brisbane,Australia.
Karl Jacob, Scientist/Technical Leader, Solids Processing Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company,
Midland,MI.
Geir Anton Johansen,Professor,Department ofPhysics and Technololgy,University ofBergen,Bergen,
Norway.Also Scientific Advisor at Christian Michelsen Research AS.
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Chikao Kanaoka,President,Ishikawa National College ofTechnology,Kitachujo,Isubata,Japan.Formerly
Director,Institute ofNature and Environmental Technology,Kanazawa University,Kanazawa,Japan.
Satish Kandlikar, Gleason Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology,
Rochester,NY.ASME Fellow,Associate editor for Heat Transfer Engineering,the ASME Journal ofHeat
Transfer and the Journal ofNanofluids and Microfluids.
Bo Leckner, Professor, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology,
Göteborg,Sweden.Previously acting Professor ofEnergy Conversion.
Eric Loth, Professor,Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
Professor of Aerospace Engineering,Willet Faculty Scholar,Associate Fellow of American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Robert Lyczkowski, Chemical Engineer, Biotechnology and Biodefense Applications Group, Energy
Systems Division,Argonne National Laboratory.AIChE Fellow.Editorial advisory board for Advances in
Transport Processes.
Hisao Makino, Senior Research Scientist, Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, Staff (Director)
Central Research Institute ofElectric Power Industry (CRIEPI),Kanagawa,Japan.Formerly Director of
CS Promotion Division of CRIEPI, Currently Director of the Combustion Society of Japan and the
Society ofParticle Technology in Japan.Also Editor ofthe Journal ofthe Society ofParticle Technology,
Japan.
Farzad Mashayek,Professor and Director ofGraduate Studies,Department ofMechanical and Industrial
Engineering,University ofIllinois at Chicago,Chicago,IL.Received CAREER Award from U.S.National
Science Foundation,Young Investigator Award from U.S.Office OfNaval Research and is Associate Fellow
ofAIAA.
Yoichiro Matsumoto, Vice Dean, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. JSME
Computational Mechanics Award, JSME Fluids Engineering Frontier Award, former editor of JSME
International Journal Series B, former associate editor of ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering.
JSMEFellow.
Efstathios (E.) Michaelides,Leo S.Weil Professor and Associate Dean for Graduate Studies and Director,
Southcentral Regional Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change, School of
Engineering,Tulane University,New Orleans,LA.Chair of ASME Fluids Engineering Division,ASME
Fellow and ASME Freeman Scholar Award.
Paul Mort,Principal Engineer,Procter & Gamble Company,Cincinnati,OH.Chair ofParticle Formation
area in International Fine Particle Research Institute and the Particle Production area within the Particle
Technology Forum.
René Oliemans,Director Multiphase Flow B.V.,Part-time Professor Multiphase Flow,Delft University of
Technology, Delft, Netherlands. Previously Department Manager for Engineering Physics and
Mathematics,Shell Research,Amsterdam.
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Yasuo Onishi,Chief Scientist,Environmental Technology Directorate,Pacific Northwest National labo-
ratory, Richland, WA. Graduate Adjunct Faculty, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,
Washington State University.
Ghanem Oweis, Post-Doctoral Research fellow, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of
Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI.
Bert Pots, Senior Staff Corrosion Engineer,Shell Global Solutions,Houston,TX.Formerly with Royal
Dutch/Shell Laboratories in Amsterdam and Shell International Gas in London,UK.
Michael Reeks,Professor in Multiphase Flow,School ofMechanical and Systems Engineering,University
of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Formerly Marie Currie Senior Research Fellow at the
European Research Center at Ispra, Italy. Formerly associate editor of the Journal of Fluid Mechanics
Research and ASME Journal ofFluids Engineering.
Ted Roberts, Senior Lecturer, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytic Science, University of
Manchester,United Kingdom.Current chairman of the Society of Chemical Industry Electrochemical
Technology Group.
Ilia Roisman, Chair of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt,
Darmstadt,Germany.Formerly Senior Lecturer at the Technion-IIT,Israel.
Akimi Serizawa, Professor, Division of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Heat
Transfer Society of Japan Academic Award,Societe de Thermique International Award,Fellow of JSME
and Atomic Society ofJapan.
Olivier Simonin,Professor and Director of the Institute of Mechanics of Fluids of Toulouse,Toulouse,
France.
Gabriel Tardos,Professor,Department ofChemical Engineering,The City College ofthe City University
ofNew York,New York,NY.,Formerly department chair.
Cameron Tropea, Chair of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt,
Darmstadt,Germany.Editor-in-chiefofthe journal Experiments in Fluids.
Yutaka Tsuji,Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Graduate School of Engineering,
Osaka University,Osaka,Japan.JSME Fluids Engineering Award,Fluid Science Research Award,AIChE
Thomas Baron Award,JSME Medal,Jotaki Award from the Society ofPowder Technology,JSME Fellow.
Timothy Troutt, Professor, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State
University,Pullman,WA.
Gretar Tryggvason, Professor and Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester
Polytechnic Institute,Worcester,MA.Currently editor-in-chiefofthe Journal ofComputational Physics,
associate editor of the International Journal of Multiphase Flows and Fellow of the American Physical
Society.
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Berend van Wachem,Multiphase Flow Group,Chalmers University ofTechnology,Göteborg,Sweden.
Richard Williams,Anglo American plc Chair in Mineral and Process Engineering at the University of
Leeds,Leeds,UK.Awarded the Ambrose Medal & Premium,the Isambard Kingdom Brunel Award,Beilby
Prize and Gold Medal,Noel Webster Award and the Silver Medal ofThe Royal Academy ofEngineering.
Fellow ofthe Royal Academy ofEngineering.
Hideto Yoshida,Professor,Department of Chemical Engineering and Graduate School of Engineering,
Hiroshima University,Hiroshima,Japan.Editor ofChemical Engineering Journal in Japan.
Jesse Zhu,Director,Powder Technology Research Center,and Professor in the Department ofChemical
and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Canada
Research Chair ofPowder Technology Applications,Senior Ontario Research Chair for Ultrafine Powder
Technology,Fellow ofCanadian Society ofChemical Engineering.
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